2.3 Herbicide Markers 2341. IntroductionIn the mid 1980s, the first transgenic plants were produced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) protoplasts (Horsch et al., 1984; DeBlock et al., 1984). Since then, over 30 different plant species have been genetically engineered by a variety of techniques (Gasser and Fraley, 1989). The three major breakthroughs in the transforma¬tion of dicotyledonous plants were: (1) the development of shuttle vectors for harnessing the natural gene transfer capability of Agrobacterium (Fraley et al., 1986), (2) the methods to use these vectors for the direct transforma¬tion of regenerable explants obtained from plant organs (Horsch et al., 1985), and (3) the development of selectable markers. Genetic modification of many field crops, as well as horticultural and tree species, has been achieved with Agrobacterium vectors.
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