Accurate mechanisms of uptake for AuNPs should be known to facilitate optimization of AuNP platforms for efficient delivery at delivery site. The mechanism of cellular uptake of AuNPs is likely to differ for different classes of AuNPs based on their surface monolayer structure, size, shape and surface charge. For example, little is known about the uptake mechanism of negatively charged AuNPs that might involve a different set of proteins and identification of which still remains a challenge. Also, the continued effort for the development of the AuNPs has been directed to address the important challenge of targeting specific cells and eventually organs and tissues. Addition of targeting moieties such as aptamers, antibodies, peptides, and small molecules can be potentially useful. However, addition of the only targeting moiety without compromising functionality of the monolayer is efficient. Taken together, there remains a need for continued improvement in the design and synthesis of AuNPs to achieve the ultimate goals of serving as effective delivery vehicles.
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