The synthesis of acetic acid from elementalcarbon by Kolbe in 1845[9] is the second major achievement inthe history of total synthesis. It is historically significant that,in his 1845 publication, Kolbe used the word ªsynthesisº forthe first time to describe the process of assembling a chemicalcompound from other substances. The total syntheses ofalizarin (1869) by Graebe and Liebermann[10] and indigo(1878) by Baeyer[11] spurred the legendary German dyeindustry and represent landmark accomplishments in thefield. But perhaps, after urea, the most spectacular totalsynthesis of the nineteenth century was that of ()-glucose(Figure 1) by E. Fischer.[12] This total synthesis is remarkablenot only for the complexity of the target, which included, forthe first time, stereochemical elements, but also for theconsiderable stereochemical control that accompanied it.With its oxygen-containing monocyclic structure (pyranose)and five stereogenic centers (four controllable), glucoserepresented the state-of-the-art in terms of target moleculesat the end of the nineteenth century. E. Fischer became thesecond winner of the Nobel Prize for chemistry (1902), afterJ. H. vant Hoff (1901).[13]
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