2-4 đạo Đức trong kế toán và kiểm toán The scandals of financial fraud and collapse of some great companies as Enron and Worldcom and Parmalat showed that observing the technical regulations are not adequate in professional responsibilities. Professional accountants besides observing the technical regulations should be committed to professional ethics. Enron is one of the active companies in energy and went bankruptcy due to fraud, false account, selling projects at loss to bureaucratic companies and registering false claims in financial statements and 90 billion dollars was the loss of the stockholders of this company. Audit institution of Arthur Anderson by giving up to the requirements of Enron Company and ignoring audit evidences and false perception of “important deviation” had adverse effect on audit position of investors. Another Shocking news was on June 2002 in US capital market. Worldcom Company wentbankruptcy and its founder was imprisoned for 85 years for fraud. Worldcom company was established in 1983 called LDDS and was developed by “borrow, develop” policy by purchasing and integrating smaller companies was turned in to the second far distance telecommunication company with 80,000 employees and 20 million users all over the world. After development of activity field of the company, it was found that there is no demand as the created capacity. Today, about 90% of total 39 million miles optical fibers in US are not used and are as dark fiber. The managers of the company during 2001 and 2002 and to avoid the stock fall, made some false accounts and hid the loss. But financial scandals were not effective in saving the company and the company with the value of each share more than 60% went bankruptcy and it was at loss of 180 billion dollars. Financial fraud of 18 billion $ of Parmalat is another ethical issue in recent years. In the late 2003 and by achieving the maturity of paying 180 million $ for buying from small stockholders in Brazil, the financial authorities of Parmalat couldn’t fulfill their obligations. The financial offices of a branch of Parmalat showed 5 billion $. The problem was changed by losing the invoice of the accounts and financial fraud was revealed when the auditors stated that it has not 5 billion dollars in US bank despite its claims. It was found that the documents on the bank sheet regarding the existence of 5 billion dollars were not valuable and the bank signature was forged. By this scandal, Delloitte& touch audit institution in a statement defined that Parmalat company management deceived the institution regularly and Parmalat founder with his assistants were charged with accounts manipulation. It seemed Parmalat managers manipulated the accounts to present a profitable image of company performance and to keep the value of its stock but later studies showed that some of them embezzled great amount of money. Parmalat company as it started by a local shop in Parmay of Italy and turned into a company with 36 thousands employees in 29 countries in the world stated bankruptcy by financial scandal (Bayat, 2009).
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