1. Introduction and research significanceSustainability is at the forefront of our society. Unfortunately,concrete, our most common construction material uses a signifi-cant amount of non-renewable resources. Consequently, manyresearchers have investigated the use of recycled materials in theproduction of concrete such as fly ash [1–7] and recycled aggregate[8–17].Unfortunately global data on concrete waste generation is notavailable, but construction and demolition waste accounts foraround 900 million tones every year just in Europe, the US, andJapan [18]. Recycling concrete not only reduces using virgin aggregatebut also decreases landfills.Comprehensive research [19–25] has been done on both thefresh and hardened properties of recycled concrete aggregate(RCA), recycled aggregate resulting from crushed concrete, butvery little research has been performed on the structural behaviorof RCA. The early research on structural performance of RCA was
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