The mechanisms of NP toxicity depend on composition,surface modification, intrinsic properties, and the bacterialspecies. There are many reports about the antibacterialeffects of various NPs, but some reports contradict eachother (for more information compare the summaries ofprevious reports in recent reviews [22,24,25,31,32]). Thesereports indicate that the mechanisms of NP toxicity arevery complicated and depend on several factors (e.g., physicochemicalproperties of NPs). Therefore, we are not ableto classify the NPs as beneficial NPs and/or adverse NPsfor killing bacteria.
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