Figure 1 j Concept of the STE coating. a, Conventional TE generationmethod based on the Seebeck effect. The TE device contains a number ofthermocouples (TCs), electrically connected in series, to obtain reasonableoutput voltage. The TE device is usually attached externally to heatsources, which apply the temperature difference across it. b, STE coatingbased on the SSE. The STE coating exhibits a straightforward scaling: alarger film area leads to a larger TE output. Such a simple film structure canbe directly coated onto heat sources with different shaped (curved oruneven) surfaces.
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