• Community-based rehabilitationPim Kuipers, Ph.D. Principal Research Fellow and Adjunct Associate ProfessorCentre for Functioning and Health ResearchQueensland Health and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith UniversityPO Box 6053, Buranda, Queensland 4102 Australiapim_kuipers@health.qld.gov.auEmmah Doig, Ph.D., B.Occ Thy (Hons) Occupational TherapistPrivate Practice, Brisbane, QldClinical Professional in ResearchGriffith Health Institute, Griffith UniversityMt Gravatt, Brisbane, 4122emmah.doig@optusnet.com.auI.1 Table of Contents• Article top• Introduction• Characteristics and objectives of CBRprograms• Factors driving the shift towards CBR• Effectiveness of CBR• Staff and training• Goal planning• Future challenges forCBR• Further reading and web resources• References• Read this article in other formats and languages• Cite this article• Copyright• SearchII.1 IntroductionIn a global sense, community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is the primary means by which disabled people in most countries of the world have any access to rehabilitation or disability services (Evans, Zinkin, Harpham, & Chaudury, 2001). CBR exists in an array of styles and approaches across developing and economically developed country contexts, with notable differences as well as similarities between those contexts. Community Based Rehabilitation was first promoted by the World Health Organisation in the mid-1970s to address the limited nature of the rehabilitation workforce in developing countries, through the provision of basic services at a community level, incorporating principles of primary health care, relevant rehabilitation practices, and seeking to use local resources and build local skills (Hartley, Finkenflugel, Kuipers, & Thomas, 2009).The most broadly used definition of CBR, has noted that CBR is "a strategy within general community development for rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities, and social inclusion of all people with disabilities...implemented through the combined efforts of people with disabilities themselves, their families and communities, and the appropriate health, education, vocational, and social services" (ILO,UNESCO, & WHO, 2004). The emphasis in this statement on community development, poverty reduction, equalisation of opportunities, and social integration are in keeping with the developing country context from which CBR emerged, but key aspects of CBR are also highly relevant to economically developed countries.Đặc điểm III.1 và mục tiêu của chương trình CBRCBR thường tiến hành hoặc cung cấp trong cài đặt tự nhiên cộng đồng, chẳng hạn như khách hàng nhà chứ không phải là chính thức dịch vụ cài đặt phân phối (bệnh viện hoặc trung tâm dựa trên môi trường). Sự tham gia hoạt động của khách hàng, gia đình và thậm chí cả cộng đồng thành viên trong dịch vụ cung cấp là cốt lõi để CBR. Khách hàng được xem như là các đối tác trong, nếu không các giám đốc hoạt động của, quá trình. Như là một chiến lược, CBR nhằm trang cho, trao quyền và giáo dục cho những người bị Khuyết tật và tất cả các bên liên quan hướng tới một mục tiêu cuối cùng của hơn độc lập, sự tham gia của cộng đồng và chất lượng cuộc sống. Cách tiếp cận CBR thường tìm cách để tối đa hóa cá nhân cơ quan, khả năng tiếp cận đến nguồn tài nguyên, và cơ hội để tham gia, dẫn đến cùng một vật lý, tâm lý và các kết quả như là các mô hình dịch vụ Khuyết tật khác. Ở CBR, kỹ năng chuyển giao cho cộng đồng và hệ thống thay đổi là điều cần thiết. CBR chương trình có khả năng được nhằm vào đạt được rộng hơn thay đổi xã hội và hệ thống cũng như tối đa hóa hòa nhập xã hội và cải tiến trong khả năng chức năng của cá nhân.The objectives of CBR are not only to maximise physical and mental ability but also to support access to regular services and opportunities, to assist people with disabilities to actively contribute to their own communities, and to encourage community members to promote and respect human rights. The breadth of scope of CBR is consistent with the conceptual base of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001), which defines disability within a complex interaction of causal, contributing, and consequential factors. Indeed the emphasis in the ICF on personal and environmental factors as key barriers or facilitators to a person's functioning, further reinforces the relevance of a community contextualised approach. In a similar way, CBRalso represents a shift in focus from the individual's disabling condition (at the acute care end of the healthcare spectrum) towards a more holistic focus on the person within their social and family context (at the community end of the spectrum).Regardless of country context, CBR is typically oriented towards achieving optimal functioning, quality of life, and community integration. As would be expected, CBR does not typically address early impairment or disability in the acute stages of injury or illness, but assists people whose impairments and disabilities require long term rehabilitation and care. The exact nature of CBR services will depend on the needs of the particular client or client group within their context, the presence of disability supports, environmental resources including availability of generic services in the community (i.e., home care support, community nursing), the availability of skills and expertise, practical feasibility, and the availability of funding.IV.1 Factors driving the shift towards CBRIn economically developed countries, the emergence of CBR has largely been the result of shifts in philosophical perspective, practical considerations, financial constraints, and client preference. In these countries, where the health and disability service sectors are usually well established, community based approaches (such as outreach, home therapy, home care, community support and vocational support) often exist across service sectors and complement inpatient and traditional rehabilitation services (hospitals, medical clinics or institutions).Multiple factors continue to reinforce the shift toward CBR, including changes in demographic factors (e.g., ageing population), service delivery factors (e.g., reduction of hospital lengths of stay), illness trajectory factors (e.g. enhanced survival after serious injury), as well as a recognition that outcomes from community-based services compare favourably with rehabilitation alternatives (Barnes & Radermacher, 2001; Doig, Fleming, Kuipers, & Cornwell, 2010; Langhorne et al., 2005). Alongside this shift has been an increase in the availability and the use of a range of services in the broader community context. For example, for people who are ageing, services are increasingly available in local communities, such as meal delivery, community nursing and respite services, as well as domestic assistance services such as home help. Central philosophies of community-based service delivery are gathering prominence and are applicable in a broader community context to cater for the needs of many people living in the community, including those affected by the consequences of ageing, chronic disease or other disabling conditions.In developing countries, key influences that have shaped the development of CBR over recent decades have included increased attention to the concerns of disabled people at the community level, and by disabled people's organisations at national and international levels. These concerns have resulted in increased recognition of discrimination and exclusion, and the need to address social and political aspects of disability, including power dynamics in rehabilitation service relationships (Lang, 2011).
V.1 Effectiveness of CBR
Because CBR cannot be described as a discrete intervention, and the expected outcomes are not standardised, its effectiveness is difficult to establish. However, from CBR studies in developing countries, reported outcomes have included: increased independence, enhanced mobility, and greater communication skills for people with disabilities (WHO,UNESCO, ILO, & IDDC, 2010). Studies have found that CBR projects in developing countries are linked to positive social outcomes, enhanced social inclusion, and greater adjustment of people with disabilities. Where livelihood interventions have been integrated into CBR, this has resulted in increased income for people with disabilities and their families, and consequently increased self-esteem and greater social inclusion. In educational settings, CBR has assisted in the adjustment and integration of children and adults with disabilities (Hartley, et al., 2009).
There is a limited amount of research to date to establish the effectiveness of CBR in economically developed countries. Reviews of outcome studies in community settings have primarily been in the area of stroke rehabilitation and indicate that, on the whole, teams working in the community delivering rehabilitation services achieve at least equivalent outcomes compared with traditional hospital-based rehabilitation (Barnes & Radermacher, 2001; Doig, et al., 2010; Langhorne, et al., 2005). Studies in Sweden, the UK, and the US have demonstrated that home-based rehabilitation for people with stroke enables early discharge from hospital and a reduction in hospitalisation costs (Holmqvist et al., 1998; Mayo et al., 2000; Rodgers et al., 1997; Rudd, Wolfe, Tilling, & Beech, 1997). Similarly, a systematic review and economic analysis of published randomised controlled trials comparing early hospital discharge and home-based rehabilitation with usual care for patients after stroke concluded that a policy of early hospital discharge and home-based rehabilitation for patients with stroke may reduce the use of hospital beds without compromising clinical outcomes (Anderson, 2002).
However, there are also several critiques of CBR, mainly related to the dearth of robust research procedures and the paucity of systematic outcomes (Finkenflugel, Wolffers, & Huijsman, 2005). Practice-related critiques include the unmet need for medical reha
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