Moreover, distributed generators are often intermittent in nature (photovoltaicand wind energy, for example). This implies specific management if theirpenetration rate becomes significant (beyond a certain threshold).The end-user segment has also considerably evolved. Consumers, who were“passive” and did not interact dynamically with the electrical system, are currentlyin a transformation process, thanks notably to the development of the “smart meter”and related energy boxes. They can, for example, offer load control and responseoptions, thus enabling them to participate in solving some network constraints,reducing peak demands or offering other services necessary to the system.
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