2. Results of Classroom Observation
This chapter includes a summary of the major findings of the classroom
observations. These classroom observations were conducted for 508 hours, twice
a week, over an 8- week period, for a total of 16 observations, in four classes (each
class from the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th Grades) at three elementary schools and four
classes (one class each from the 1st and 2nd Grades, and two classes from the
3rd Grade) at two junior high schools.1
Students’ entire activities, from the time
they entered and left school on each observation day, were observed. Moreover,
interviews with 37 students and 16 teachers, including teachers in charge of
subject classes, were carried out during the observation period.
The research tried to examine various instructional behaviors of teachers
toward male and female students in class from a gender-sensitive viewpoint.
The observation results could be divided largely into three parts. The first part
involves teacher-student interaction in the classroom. This part includes several
aspects of teacher-student interaction, such as questions and responses between
teachers and students, teachers’ feedback to the students’ responses, teachers’
discipline of male and female students, and social contact between the teachers
and students. The second part concerns teaching materials and instructional
language selected by teachers. The effects of teachers’ gender stereotypes on
their selection of teaching materials and instructional language were analyzed
in this part. The third part contains an investigation on how the customary
operations of curriculum and educational resources adopted by schools and
teachers can further reinforce gender differences and gender segregation.
The observation results can be summarized as follows:
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