In general, the two most common types of extrusion
dies are flat-face dies and shaped (conical)
dies (Fig. 6). Spider or bridge dies also are
used for producing hollow extrusions such as
tubing. Flat-face dies (also termed square dies)
have one or more openings (apertures) that are
similar in cross section to that of the desired extruded
product. Dies for lubricated extrusion
(also called shaped, converging, or streamlined
dies) often have a conical entry opening with a
circular cross section that changes progressively
to the final extruded shape required. Flat-face
dies are easier to design and manufacture than
shaped dies and are commonly used for the unlubricated
hot extrusion of aluminum alloys.
Shaped dies are more difficult and costly to design
and manufacture, and they are generally
used when lubrication is required; this includes
cold extrusion and hot extrusion of harder alloys
such as steels, titanium alloys, and nickel alloys.
The design of extrusion dies, whether of the
flat or conical type, is still an art rather than a
science. Nonetheless, rational design techniques
and empirical guidelines are employed, often
with the assistance of computer programs.
Computer-aided design and manufacture has
been developed to reduce the costs of designing
and manufacturing extrusion dies, and a few examples
are noted in Ref 2 to 4. Computer simulation
programs also have been developed to
model the metalworking process to more effectively
select process variables, such as extruding
speed and billet temperatures. However, finiteelement
modeling of deformation by extrusion
can be complicated, because small variations in
die shape, friction, or temperature distribution
may result in a large change in the profile of the
section. Moreover, deformation is complicated
by the presence of quasi-shear surfaces close to
the die exit (Ref 5). For these reasons, very few
computer codes are available for three-dimensional
simulation; most extrusion models are for
axisymmetric problems.
Luckily, some internal equalization takes
place in the product, and the process is fairly forgiving;
in an example of computer-aided die design
for extrusion of a T-section, material flow
was much more uneven than anticipated, and
yet, the extruded product was sound (Ref 6). The
increased frictional resistance along the longer
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
