On the other hand,
an increase in both PM emission and brake specific fuel
consumption are recognizable in the two lower graphs.
Slower combustion and thus the shift of the position of the
center of combustion toward retardation cause the increase
in fuel consumption. The limitation of the oxygen necessary
for soot oxidation is also a primary reason for the higher
soot emissions. The oxygen content reduced by EGR always
acts to reduce NOX emissions and increase soot emissions.
The hyperbolae produced in the lower right graph are characteristic of the conflicts of objectives when optimizing
diesel engines.
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