CHAP 8 ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT!A tort

CHAP 8
ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT!
A tort claim in negligence
A “tort” is a breach of a duty imposed by law under what is termed “the law of tort”. The law of tort imposed a variety of duties on all of us in our daily lives, covering a variety of situations. In this chapter we consider a particularly common tort, the tort of negligence. The purpose of the tort of negligence is to provide compensation for harm suffered as a result of another person’s fault. For instance in circumstances whereby someone has caused an accident or made a mistake (such as professional negligence by a doctor or indeed by a lawyer!).
The following criteris must all be met in prder to establish that the fault amounts to the tort of negligence (normally referred to simply as “negligence”):
1. The proposed Defendant owed a duty of care to the Claimant. For instance in the case we look at in this chapter the duty relied upon is one firmly established by case-law, namely that a road user owes a duty of care to other road users.
2. The proposed Defendant breached the duty of care.
3. The damage was caused as a consequence of the Defendant having breached the duty of care. (In other words but for the Defendant’s actions the Claimant would not have been injured or suffered loss). This principle is known as “Causation”.
If the person is acting in the course of his employment at the time of committing the negligence act then the employer is also liable for injury or loss caused as a result of the negligence. This concept us termed “vicarious liability”.
You have been consulted by a new client named Nicholas Tiessen. Mr Tiessen has been injured in a road traffic acccident. You have agreed t act for him in pursuing compensation on his behalf for the injuries he received in the accident. This will involve issuing legal proceedings against the driver responsible for the accident. Firstly however you are required to send the letter on page 74 to your client confirming your instructions.
Read this letter then consider and state whether each of the following statements are true or false based on the contents of the letter. Explain your answer, using the text of the letter to support it.
1. The writer of the letter is declining to act for N.T
2. The writer is a solicitor within the banking department of String wood & Evans.
3. The firm has a complaints handling procedure.
4. To succeed in his claim it is necessary for N.T to prove liability beyond all reasonable doubt.
5. There is a good chance that N.T’claim will be successful.
6. General damages include loss of earnings up to the date of the trial.

American courts award damages in personal injury cases which are higher than Eng courts award when determining damages in the course of making judgements in personal injury cases.

Dear Mr Tiessen,
Accident on….
Further to our mmeeting yesterday I writer to confirm that I will act for you in pursuing a claim against Mr M.G and his employer concerning the accident on Friday 21st. I am a solicitor within the Litigation Department of this firm and will responsible for the day-to-day work on your life. My secretary, J.H, will be assisting me and can be contacted in the event that I am unavailable at any time you contact this office.
I strive to keep all my clients fully informed and updated concerning the progress of their cases. If you require any clarification of any matter of have any queries at any time however please do not hesitate to contact me.
This firm aims to provide an effcient service and I am confident that we will do so in your case. If however you have any complaints concerning the service being provided that are not resolved to your satisfaction by myself then any such complaint should be addressed to the senior partner, Mrs C.S.
If your claim is successful, with liability being established on the balance of prohabilities against the Defendants, then you will be entitle to damages. On the basis of the evidence you have provided it is my opinion that your claim has good prospects of success. It may therefore prove possible to negotiate a settlement with the other parties’legal representatives.
There are two main types of damages as follows:
1. General Damages – in order words compensation for pain, suffering and loss of amenity.
2. Special Damages – meaning actual financial losses incurred up to the date of trial (including for instance loss of earing etc).
I will write to you again as soon as there are any further developments with your case.
Yours sincerely
A. Lawyer
IN THE CENTRAL LONDON COUNTY COURT
BETWEEN:
.
.
LONDINIUM DELIVERY COMPANY LIMITED
PARTICULARS OF CLAIM
1. At about 4.00 pm on…the Claimant was driving his Honda Accord registration number HL16 GNT along Oxford Street, London, in an easterly direction. At all material times the Second Defendant was the owner of a Ford Galaxy motor car registration number FT23 FLK, which was being driven by the First Defendant as servant or agent for the Second Defendant.
2. A collision occurred when the said Ford motor car, travelling in a northerly direction along Regent Street, drove into the Claimant’s vehicle at the junction between Oxford Street and Regent Street. The said junction is a crossroads controlled by trafic lights which were showing green in favour of the Claimant.
3. The collision was caused by thr negligence of the First Defendant, acting in the course of his employment.
PARTICULARS OF NEGLIGENCE
The First Defendant was negligent in that he:
a. Failed to keep any or adequate lookout.
b. Failed to observe or heed the presence and progress of the Honda Accord motor car
c. Drove too fast
d. Drove into collision with the Honda Accord motor car when, by the exercise of reasonable driving skill and care, such collision could have been avoided.
e. Failed to stop, steer, mange or control his motor vehicle in such a way as to avoid a collision
f. Failed to sufficiently apply the brakes of his said vehicle in time of at all. The Second Defendant is negligent by virtue of vicarious liability, being the employer of the First Defendant and owner of the aforesaid Ford Galaxy motor car registration number FT23 FLK.
4. By reason of the matters aforesaid the Claimant has suffered pain and injury, loss and damge.
PARTICULARS OF INJURY
The Claimant, who was born…, sustained the following injuries:
The Claimant, who was wearing a seatbelt, sustained injury to his neck. Hospital treatment was required, the Claimant having been taken by ambulance to Chelsea and Westminters Hospital, Fulham Road, London. The Claimant was retained in hospital for four days. Following medical examination a whiplash injury was diagnosed. Tha Claimant was unable to return to work as a computer programmer for five weeks due to continuing symptoms of neck pain, radiating to the right shoulder. This has necessitated physiotherapy treatment, which has now alleviated the symptoms. Full particulars are set out in the medical report of Mr Paulo Jarvis, consultant orthopaedic surgeon, dated 24.12.2007
PARTICULARS OF SPECIAL DAMAGE
1. Value of Honda Accord motor car damaged beyond repair
2. Loss of earnings: 4 weeks at 1,000 per week
3. Cost of ruined clothing as s result of accident (shirt and jacket)
4. Cost of 12 sessions of physiotherapy at 25 per session
AND THE CLAIMANT CLAIMS:
1. Damages not exceeding
2. Interest pursuant to section 69 of the County Courts Act 1984
STATEMENT OF TRUTH
The Claimant believes that the facts stated in thses Particulars of Claim are true.

1. Name the Defendants.
2. What make of car was your client driving?
3. On what date did the accident occur?
4. Where did the accident occur?
5. Where was N.T taken immediately after the accident?
6. What is N.T’a occupation?
7. How much income did N.T lose as a result of the accident?
8. What is the total value of your client’s claim for special damages?
9. Why is it contended in the Particulars of Claim that the First Defendant’s employer is vicariously liable for the accident?
10. Name one other type if accident you can think of which would conceivably involve negligence.



LAW NOTES
The tort of negligence
A tort is a breach of a duty imposed by law. The purpose og the tort of negligence is to compensate for harm sustained as a result of another’s fault. In order to succeed in a legal action for negligence a Claimant must be establish:
- A duty of care
- Breach of that duty of care
- Damage resulting from breach of that duty of care (causation)
Other torts include:
- Defamation – libel if defamatory comments about another are written of broadcast or slander if spoken
- Misrepresentation – making false or misleading statements which induce someone to enter into a contract
- Employer’s liability – a duty owed by an employer to employees to provide a safe system of work
- Vicarious liability – liability imposed on an employer for torts by employees committed in the course of their employment
- Breach of various statutory duties – duties of care imposed by specific Acts of Parliament, including for instance under the Health and Safely at Work Act.
Damages in tort are intended to compensate the Claimant for the loss and/or injury sustained as a result of the tort. In a personal injury case for instance (Such as the one considered in this chapter) damages consist of:
- General damages – monetary compensation to be assessed by the court, including: compensation for pain and suffering; future medical expenses; continuing loss of earnings ect;
- Special damages – specific financial loss incurred from date of injury to date of trial, including; loss of earnings up to the date of trial; cost of repair of motor vehicle; medical expenses up to date of trial ect.
Reduction in damages
A Claimant’s damages can be reduced by whatever extent the court considers appropriate due to the concepts of:
- Contributory Negligence: Section 1 of the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 provides that a person’s compensation “… shall be

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

CHAP 8 TAI NẠN GIAO THÔNG ĐƯỜNG!Một yêu cầu bồi thường sai lầm pháp lý trong sự sơ suấtMột "sai lầm pháp lý" là một sự vi phạm của một nhiệm vụ áp đặt bởi các pháp luật theo những gì được gọi là "luật pháp sai lầm pháp lý". Pháp luật của sai lầm pháp lý áp dụng một loạt các nhiệm vụ trên tất cả chúng ta trong cuộc sống hàng ngày của chúng tôi, bao gồm một loạt các tình huống. Trong chương này chúng ta xem xét một sai lầm pháp lý đặc biệt phổ biến, sai lầm pháp lý của sự sơ suất. Mục đích của sai lầm pháp lý của sự sơ suất là để cung cấp cho bồi thường thiệt hại phải chịu do hậu quả của lỗi của người khác. Ví dụ: trong trường hợp theo đó một người nào đó đã gây ra một tai nạn hoặc thực hiện một sai lầm (chẳng hạn như chuyên nghiệp sơ suất bởi một bác sĩ hoặc thực sự của một luật sư!).Các criteris sau đây phải tất cả được đáp ứng trong prder để thiết lập lỗi số tiền đến sai lầm pháp lý của sự sơ suất (thường được gọi đơn giản là "sơ suất"):1. bị đơn đề xuất nợ một nhiệm vụ chăm sóc cho yêu cầu bồi thường. Ví dụ: trong trường hợp chúng tôi xem xét trong chương này nhiệm vụ dựa theo một thiết lập vững chắc của trường hợp-pháp luật, cụ thể là một người sử dụng đường nợ một nhiệm vụ chăm sóc cho người sử dụng đường khác.2. bị đơn đề xuất vi phạm nhiệm vụ chăm sóc.3. những thiệt hại được gây ra do hậu quả của bị đơn đã vi phạm nhiệm vụ chăm sóc. (Nói cách khác, nhưng hành động của bị đơn đối với yêu cầu bồi thường nào không có bị thương hoặc bị mất). Nguyên tắc này được gọi là "Nhân quả".Nếu người hành động trong quá trình tuyển dụng của mình lúc đó của cam kết hành động sơ suất thì nhà tuyển dụng là cũng chịu trách nhiệm cho chấn thương hoặc tổn thất gây ra là kết quả của sự sơ suất. Khái niệm này, chúng tôi gọi là "trách nhiệm pháp lý liên đới".Bạn có được tư vấn bởi một khách hàng mới tên là Nicholas Tiessen. Ông Tiessen đã bị chấn thương trong một đường giao thông acccident. Bạn đã đồng ý hành động t cho anh ta theo đuổi bồi thường trên danh nghĩa của ông cho thương tích, ông nhận được trong tai nạn. Điều này sẽ bao gồm việc ban hành các quá trình pháp lý chống lại các trình điều khiển chịu trách nhiệm về vụ tai nạn. Trước hết Tuy nhiên bạn được yêu cầu để gửi bức thư trên trang 74 để khách hàng của bạn xác nhận hướng dẫn của bạn.Đọc bức thư này sau đó xem xét và nhà nước cho dù mỗi người trong số các câu sau đây là đúng hay sai dựa trên nội dung của thư. Giải thích câu trả lời của bạn, bằng cách sử dụng các văn bản của thư để hỗ trợ nó.1. các nhà văn của lá thư từ chối để hành động cho N.T2. nhà văn là một luật sư trong tỉnh ngân hàng của chuỗi cây cối Evans.3. công ty có một khiếu nại xử lý thủ tục.4. để thành công trong yêu cầu bồi thường của mình, nó là cần thiết cho N.T để chứng minh trách nhiệm pháp lý ngoài tất cả các nghi ngờ hợp lý.5. có là một cơ hội tốt rằng N.T'claim sẽ được thành công.6. tổng thiệt hại bao gồm mất thu nhập lên đến ngày phiên tòa.Tòa án Mỹ giải thưởng thiệt hại trong trường hợp thương tích cá nhân mà là cao hơn Eng tòa án giải khi xác định thiệt hại trong quá trình thực hiện bản án trong trường hợp thương tích cá nhân.Thưa ông Tiessen,Tai nạn trên...Hơn nữa để mmeeting của chúng tôi vào ngày hôm nay tôi nhà văn để xác nhận rằng tôi sẽ hành động cho bạn theo đuổi một tuyên bố chống lại ông M.G và chủ nhân của mình liên quan đến vụ tai nạn vào ngày thứ sáu 21. Tôi là một luật sư trong tỉnh tranh chấp của công ty này và sẽ chịu trách nhiệm cho công việc hàng ngày vào cuộc sống của bạn. Thư ký của tôi, J.H, sẽ hỗ trợ tôi và có thể được liên lạc trong trường hợp đó tôi là không có sẵn tại bất kỳ thời điểm nào bạn liên hệ với văn phòng này.Tôi cố gắng giữ cho tất cả các khách hàng của tôi đầy đủ thông tin và cập nhật liên quan đến sự tiến bộ của trường hợp của họ. Nếu bạn cần bất kỳ làm rõ của bất kỳ vấn đề nào của có bất kỳ thắc mắc bất cứ lúc nào Tuy nhiên xin vui lòng đừng ngần ngại liên hệ với tôi.Công ty này nhằm mục đích cung cấp một dịch vụ effcient và tôi tin tưởng rằng chúng tôi sẽ làm như vậy trong trường hợp của bạn. Nếu Tuy nhiên bạn có bất kỳ khiếu nại liên quan đến các dịch vụ miễn là không được giải quyết để sự hài lòng của bạn bởi bản thân mình sau đó bất cứ khiếu nại như vậy cần được giải quyết cho đối tác cao cấp, bà C.S.Nếu yêu cầu bồi thường của bạn là thành công, với trách nhiệm pháp lý được thành lập trên sự cân bằng của prohabilities chống lại bị đơn, sau đó bạn sẽ entitle thiệt hại. Trên cơ sở các bằng chứng bạn đã cung cấp nó là ý kiến của tôi rằng yêu cầu bồi thường có triển vọng tốt của sự thành công. Nó do đó có thể chứng minh có thể thương lượng một khu định cư với các đại diện parties'legal khác.Không có hai loại chính của thiệt hại như sau:1. tổng thiệt hại-trong thứ tự từ bồi thường để giảm đau, đau khổ và mất thú.2. Special Damages – meaning actual financial losses incurred up to the date of trial (including for instance loss of earing etc).I will write to you again as soon as there are any further developments with your case.Yours sincerelyA. LawyerIN THE CENTRAL LONDON COUNTY COURTBETWEEN:..LONDINIUM DELIVERY COMPANY LIMITED PARTICULARS OF CLAIM1. At about 4.00 pm on…the Claimant was driving his Honda Accord registration number HL16 GNT along Oxford Street, London, in an easterly direction. At all material times the Second Defendant was the owner of a Ford Galaxy motor car registration number FT23 FLK, which was being driven by the First Defendant as servant or agent for the Second Defendant.2. A collision occurred when the said Ford motor car, travelling in a northerly direction along Regent Street, drove into the Claimant’s vehicle at the junction between Oxford Street and Regent Street. The said junction is a crossroads controlled by trafic lights which were showing green in favour of the Claimant.3. The collision was caused by thr negligence of the First Defendant, acting in the course of his employment.PARTICULARS OF NEGLIGENCEThe First Defendant was negligent in that he:a. Failed to keep any or adequate lookout.b. Failed to observe or heed the presence and progress of the Honda Accord motor carc. Drove too fastd. Drove into collision with the Honda Accord motor car when, by the exercise of reasonable driving skill and care, such collision could have been avoided.e. Failed to stop, steer, mange or control his motor vehicle in such a way as to avoid a collisionf. Failed to sufficiently apply the brakes of his said vehicle in time of at all. The Second Defendant is negligent by virtue of vicarious liability, being the employer of the First Defendant and owner of the aforesaid Ford Galaxy motor car registration number FT23 FLK.4. By reason of the matters aforesaid the Claimant has suffered pain and injury, loss and damge.PARTICULARS OF INJURYThe Claimant, who was born…, sustained the following injuries: The Claimant, who was wearing a seatbelt, sustained injury to his neck. Hospital treatment was required, the Claimant having been taken by ambulance to Chelsea and Westminters Hospital, Fulham Road, London. The Claimant was retained in hospital for four days. Following medical examination a whiplash injury was diagnosed. Tha Claimant was unable to return to work as a computer programmer for five weeks due to continuing symptoms of neck pain, radiating to the right shoulder. This has necessitated physiotherapy treatment, which has now alleviated the symptoms. Full particulars are set out in the medical report of Mr Paulo Jarvis, consultant orthopaedic surgeon, dated 24.12.2007PARTICULARS OF SPECIAL DAMAGE1. Value of Honda Accord motor car damaged beyond repair2. Loss of earnings: 4 weeks at 1,000 per week3. Cost of ruined clothing as s result of accident (shirt and jacket)4. Cost of 12 sessions of physiotherapy at 25 per sessionAND THE CLAIMANT CLAIMS:1. Damages not exceeding2. Interest pursuant to section 69 of the County Courts Act 1984STATEMENT OF TRUTHThe Claimant believes that the facts stated in thses Particulars of Claim are true.1. Name the Defendants.2. What make of car was your client driving?3. On what date did the accident occur?4. Where did the accident occur?5. Where was N.T taken immediately after the accident?6. What is N.T’a occupation?7. How much income did N.T lose as a result of the accident?8. What is the total value of your client’s claim for special damages?9. Why is it contended in the Particulars of Claim that the First Defendant’s employer is vicariously liable for the accident?10. Name one other type if accident you can think of which would conceivably involve negligence.LAW NOTESThe tort of negligenceA tort is a breach of a duty imposed by law. The purpose og the tort of negligence is to compensate for harm sustained as a result of another’s fault. In order to succeed in a legal action for negligence a Claimant must be establish:- A duty of care- Breach of that duty of care- Damage resulting from breach of that duty of care (causation)Other torts include:- Defamation – libel if defamatory comments about another are written of broadcast or slander if spoken- Misrepresentation – making false or misleading statements which induce someone to enter into a contract- Employer’s liability – a duty owed by an employer to employees to provide a safe system of work- Vicarious liability – liability imposed on an employer for torts by employees committed in the course of their employment- Breach of various statutory duties – duties of care imposed by specific Acts of Parliament, including for instance under the Health and Safely at Work Act.Damages in tort are intended to compensate the Claimant for the loss and/or injury sustained as a result of the tort. In a personal injury case for instance (Such as the one considered in this chapter) damages consist of:- General damages – monetary compensation to be assessed by the court, including: compensation for pain and suffering; future medical expenses; continuing loss of earnings ect;- Special damages – specific financial loss incurred from date of injury to date of trial, including; loss of earnings up to the date of trial; cost of repair of motor vehicle; medical expenses up to date of trial ect.Reduction in damagesA Claimant’s damages can be reduced by whatever extent the court considers appropriate due to the concepts of:- Contributory Negligence: Section 1 of the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 provides that a person’s compensation “… shall be