Emotions are strong, relatively uncontrolled feelings that affect behavior.52 Emotions arestrongly linked to needs, motivation, and personality. Unmet needs create motivation whichis related to the arousal component of emotion. Unmet needs generally yield negative emotions, while met needs generally yield positive emotions. As a result, products and brandsthat generate positive consumption emotions increase consumer satisfaction and loyalty.53Personality also plays a role. For example, some people are more emotional than others,a consumer trait termed affect intensity. Consumers higher in affect intensity experiencestronger emotions and are more infl uenced by emotional appeals.54All emotional experiences tend to have several common elements. First, emotions areoften triggered by environmental events (e.g., viewing an ad, consuming a product thatmeets a need). However, they can also be initiated by internal processes such as imagery. Aswe have seen, advertisers frequently use imagery to evoke specifi c emotional responses.Second, emotions are accompanied by physiological changes such as (1) eye pupil dilation, (2) increased perspiration, (3) more rapid breathing, (4) increased heart rate and bloodpressure, and (5) enhanced blood sugar level. Third, emotions generally, though not necessarily, are accompanied by cognitive thought.55 The types of thoughts and our ability tothink rationally vary with the type and degree of emotion.56A fourth characteristic is that emotions have associated behaviors. While the behaviors vary across individuals and within individuals across time and situations, there are
unique behaviors characteristically associated with different emotions: fear triggers fleeing (avoidance) responses, anger triggers striking out (approach), grief triggers crying,
and so forth.57
Finally, emotions involve subjective feelings. In fact, it is the feeling component we
generally refer to when we think of emotions. Grief, joy, anger, and fear feel very different.
These subjectively determined feelings are the essence of emotion. These feelings have a
ILLUSTRATION 10–7
People assign personalities to brands
whether marketers
want them to or not.
Therefore, marketing
managers increasingly try to manage the
brand personalities of
their products.
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Chapter Ten Motivation, Personality, and Emotion 379
specific component we label as the emotion, such as sad or happy. In addition, emotions
carry an evaluative, or a like–dislike, component.
We use emotion to refer to the identifiable, specific feeling, and affect to refer to the
liking–disliking aspect of the specifi c feeling. Emotions are generally evaluated (liked and
disliked) in a consistent manner across individuals and within individuals over time, but there
are cultural, individual, and situational variations.58 For example, few of us generally want to
be sad or afraid, yet we occasionally enjoy a movie or book that scares or saddens us.
Figure 10–3 refl ects current thinking on the nature of emotions.
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