A small number of permissions are enforced by Unix groups, rather than the Android permission validation mechanism. In particular, when an application is installed with the INTERNET, WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE, or BLUETOOTH permissions, it is assigned to a Linux group that has access to the pertinent sockets and les. Thus, the Linux kernel enforces the access control policy for these permissions. The API library (which runs with the same rights as the application) can accordingly operate directly on these sockets and files, without needing to invoke the API implementation in the system process.
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