Lichens, of which more than twenty thousandspecies have been named, are complex associationsbetween certain algae. The lichen itself is notan organism: rather it is the morphological and biochemicalproduct of the association. Neither a fungusnor an alga alone can produce lichen.The intimate relationship between these twoliving components of lichen was once erroneouslythough to represent mutualism. In mutual relationships,both participants benefit. With lichens, however,it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae.This is one of the conclusions drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were separated and grown apart.In nature, lichen fungi may encounter andgrow around saveral kinds of algae. Some types ofalgae the fungi may kill; other types it may reject.Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they make theirown food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi areheterotrophic, meaning they depend upon the algaewithin the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninetypercent of than food made by the green alga cell istransferred to the fungus. What, if anything, the funguscontributes to the association is not well understood.Lichens are hardly. The grow in many habitatsand are often pioneers in hostile environmentswhere few other organisms can flourish.They have been known to growendolithically, having been discovered thriving insideof rocks in Antartica. Lichen help reduce erosion bystabilizing soil. Saveral kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage.Many species of birds use lichens as buildingmaterials for nests. Human have used lichens fordyes and antibiotics.Read more: http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/contoh-soal-tes-toefl-reading.html#ixzz3cVQlrRdA
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