6.6.3.1 Schedule BaselineA schedule baseline is a specific version of the project schedule developed from the schedule network analysis. It is accepted and approved by the project management team as the schedule baseline with baseline start dates and baseline finish dates. It is a com -ponent of the project management plan.6.6.3.2 Project ScheduleThe project schedule includes a planned start date and planned finish date for each ac -tivity. If resource planning is done at an early stage than the project schedule would remain preliminary until resource assignments have been confirmed and schedule start and finish dates are established. This process usually happens no later than completion of the project management plan.A project target schedule may also be developed with a defined target start and target finish for each activity. The project schedule may be presented in summary form some -times referred to as the master schedule or milestones schedule or it may be presented in detail. It is usually presented graphically using one or more of the following formats: ● Milestone charts are similar to bar charts but only identify the schedule start or completion of major deliverables and key external interfaces. ● Bar charts use bars representing activities to show activity start and end date as well as expected durations. The logical bar-chart shows the logical relationships between the activities. Whilst this technique is useful, be aware that on larger projects the volume of
activities may result in a cluttered presentation.
Many variations of Gantt chart can be used to represent a broad spectrum of
project information and in spite of its limitations the Gantt chart remains the
most common presentation format for senior management.
Project management staff need to calculate how many resources a specific activity will
require. They also need to establish the overall resource requirements of the project, for
any given period—possibly including the resources needed on a daily basis. The type of
diagram that facilitates this is called a histogram (or bar chart) and is another widely
used project planning aid.
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Histograms enable this information to be portrayed clearly. They can be derived from
the Gantt chart representing the period in question. The only additional information that
may be required is the type of specialist resource required for each activity.
Project Schedule Network Diagrams show both the project network logic and the proj-ects critical Path schedule activities. These diagrams can be presented in the activity on
no diagram formats or presented in the times you’ll schedule network diagram format
that is sometimes called a logical bar chart.
6.6.3.3 Schedule Data
The schedule data for the project schedule included least the schedule milestones,
schedule activities, as activity attributes and documentation off all identified assump -tions and constraints. The amount of additional data varies by application area.
6.6.3.4 Project Calendars
These identify working days and shifts available for scheduled activities of the project.
6.6.3.5 Project Management Plan Updates
These include updates to the schedule baseline and the schedule management plan.
6.6.3.6 Project Document Updates
Whilst the activity network is one of the most useful aids to effective project manage-ment, senior managers will not usually want to see this level of detail. When project
management staff need to communicate information to senior management; Gantt
charts, histograms and other graphical techniques are the preferred presentation format.
Any plan, schedule or specification that will be circulated should be represented in a
clear and unambiguous format. The notation used should be clear to both an in-house
and an external audience. In order to do this, the three vital planning and control pa -rameters—time, cost and performance should be summarized at an appropriate level of
detail.
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6.7 control Schedule
This process is used to monitor the status of and manage changes to the schedule base -line. A schedule baseline is needed if the schedule is going to be controlled and this
baseline must be maintained so that it reflects the current status of the project.
Determine current status
Infl uencing factors that cause schedule changes
Identify when Schedule has changed
Manage the changes
Control Schedule—‘Working the Plan’
This process is part of monitoring and controlling and is sometimes referred to as ‘work -ing the plan’ in contrast with the first five processes which are all to do with ‘planning the
work’.
It is concerned with:
● Determining the current status
● Influencing factors that could cause schedule changes
● Identifying if the schedule has changed
● Managing changes as they occur
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The inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs of this process are summarized in the fol -lowing table.
Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs
Project Management Plan Performance Reviews Work Performance Information
Project Schedule Project Management
Software
Schedule Forecasts
Work Performance Data Resource Optimization
Techniques
Change Requests
Project Calendars Modeling Techniques Project Management Plan
Updates
Schedule Data Leads and Lags Project Documents Updates
Organizational Process
Assets
Schedule Compression Organizational Process Assets
Updates
Scheduling Tool
6.7.1 Control Schedule: Inputs
The following are the inputs into the schedule control process:
6.7.1.1 Project Management Plan
The project management plan contains the schedule management plan and the schedule
baseline. The schedule management plan describes how the schedule will be managed
and controlled. The schedule baseline is used to compare with actual results to deter -mine if a change, corrective action, or preventive action is necessary.
6.7.1.2 Project Schedule
The most recent version of the project schedule with notations to indicate updates, com -pleted activities, and started activities as of the indicated data date.
6.7.1.3 Work Performance Data
Information about project progress, such as which activities have started, their progress,
and which activities have finished.
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6.7.1.4 Project Calendars
A schedule model may require more than one project calendar to allow for different work
periods for some activities to calculate the schedule forecasts.
Inputs to
Control
Schedule
• Project Management Plan
• Project Schedule
• Work Perfor mance Data
• Project Calendars
• Schedule Data
• Organizational Pr ocess
Assets
6.7.1.5 Schedule Data
This will be reviewed and updated in the Control Schedule process.
6.7.1.6 Organizational Process Assets
The organizational process assets that influence the Control Schedule process include
existing formal and informal schedule control-related policies, procedures, and guide -lines, schedule control tools, and monitoring and reporting methods to be used.
6.7.2 Control Schedule: Tools and Techniques
There are several different tools and techniques that can be used to control the project
schedule.
6.7.2.1 Performance Reviews
Performance reviews measure, compare, and analyze schedule performance such as
actual start and finish dates, percent complete, and the remaining duration for work
in progress. If earned value management (EVM) is utilized the schedule variance and
schedule performance index are used to assess the magnitude of schedule variations.
An important part of schedule control is to decide if the schedule variation requires cor -rective action. For example, a major delay on any activity not on the critical path may
have little effect on the overall project schedule, while a much shorter delay on a critical
or near-critical activity may require immediate action.
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If using the critical chain scheduling method, comparing the amount of buffer remaining
to the amount of buffer needed to protect the delivery date can help determine schedule
status. The difference between the buffer needed and the buffer remaining can deter -mine whether corrective action is appropriate.
Schedule performance measurements are used to assess the magnitude of variation to
the original schedule baseline. The total float variance is also an essential planning com -ponent to evaluate project time performance.
Important aspects of project schedule control include determining the cause and degree
of variance relative to the schedule baseline and deciding whether corrective or preven -tive action is required.
6.7.2.2 Project Management Software
Project management software for scheduling provides the ability to track planned dates
versus actual dates, and to forecast the effects of changes to the project schedule.
6.7.2.3 Resource Optimization Techniques
These are used to adjust schedule due to demand (project time) and supply of resources
(resource availability). They include resource leveling and resource smoothing, which
were described earlier.
6.7.2.4 Modelling Techniques
These are used to review various scenarios used in risk monitoring to bring schedule
model in alignment with project management plan and schedule baseline. What-if sce-nario analysis is used to assess feasibility of the project schedule under adverse con -ditions. Simulation calculates multiple project durations based on different sets of as -sumptions.
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Control Schedule Tools
Project
Management
Softwar e
Resource
Optimization
Techniques
Modelling
Techniques
Leads & Lags
Sc
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