the plutonic igneous rocks are characterized by granular texture, massive structure and relatively homogeneous composition. In their unaltered state they are essentially sound and durable with adequate strength for any engineering requirement. In some instances, however, intrusive rocks may be highly altered by weathering or hydrothermal attack (alteration). Generally, the weathered product of plutonic rocks has large clay content although that of granitic rocks is sometimes porous with a permeability comparable to that of medium- grained sand.older volcanic deposits do not prove a problem in foundation engineering, ancient lavas having unconfined compressive strength frequently in excess of 200 mpa. But volcanic deposits of geologically recent age at time prove treacherous, particularly if they have to carry heavy loads. this is because they often represent markedly anisotropic sequences in with lavas, pyroclasts, and mudflows are interbedded. in addition, weathering during periods of
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