reach health services.46 While the percentage of maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion in urban hospitals provides a reasonable approximation of the proportion of all pregnancy-related deaths in urban areas, the percentage in rural areas is lower as other causes of death take a higher toll in an elevated maternal mortality context. It is estimated that in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa the corresponding proportion in rural areas is 70% of the urban value. This tallies as the abortion rate also is lower in rural than in urban areas. A national study from Honduras in 1989–1990, where only 45% of deliveries were in health facilities, indicates that two thirds of maternal deaths took place outside hospitals, while almost one half of deaths attributed to abortion did, indicating that the proportion abortion to maternal deaths was higher in hospitals than outside hospitals.48 As in Africa a study from India shows a higher proportion of maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion in urban than in rural areas and could be twice the rural value.49 A recent study from Bangladesh shows that only 1 in 4 maternal deaths takes place in hospitals and the proportion abortion to all maternal deaths is only 70% of the non-hospital value.50 This could be representative of countries where hospital deliveries are low, as in Bangladesh, where only 8% of deliveries took place in health facilities at the turn of the century.51 Estimates of the percentage of maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion originate from three sources: national statistics, community studies and hospitals. Where available, information from community studies is used. However, for many countries, data are hospital-based; the accuracy of reporting of maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion will therefore depend on the tendency of women to seek hospital care when faced with complications. It is assumed that subnational data can be generalized to the national level; the percentage of non-hospital abortion deaths were estimated from hospital data, and the percentage of abortion deaths in rural areas were estimated from urban values, or vice versa. To arrive at a national estimate hospital and non-hospital or urban and rural estimates were weighted according to hospitalization rates of deliveries or the percentage urban population, as appropriate. It is further assumed that abortion-related mortality occurs mainly or exclusively as a result of unsafe abortion, since spontaneous abortion only rarely cause a death. However, although deaths are rare, for countries where unsafe abortions take place next to a large number of official abortions, mortality data were first adjusted to account for estimated mortality due to legal procedures.For countries for which no data on abortion deaths were available, it was assumed that the proportion of maternal deaths related to abortion was similar to that for the geographical region or to that of another country with comparable abortion laws, cultural setting and indicators, such as fertility rate, maternity care and percentage urban population.4.1.1 National reportsNational reported statistics on abortion deaths have been used without adjustment for countries which have completeness and coverage above 90% according to WHO definition; those with 80% reporting were applied a 10% upward adjustment. For countries with lower reporting standards a 20% upward adjustment was applied.4.1.2 Community studies and reproductive age mortality studiesCommunity studies, reproductive age mortality studies (RAMOS) and confidential enquiries have been assumed to provide the best estimates when done at the national level or covering both rural and urban areas, and have been used without any adjustments.
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