-having considered the unfolding of christianity in its several varieties, we are now in a position to consider its interactions with modernity. for Christianity there have really been two modernities . In cultural terms , the first was inaugurated by the Enlightenment of the 18th century , which gave new authority tu human reason anh the freedom to exercise it. Socio-economically it was characterized by the rise of urban-industrial society and politically by the rise of nation states governed by increasingly powerful centralized government . the second modernity began much later , in the 1960s , and one of its defining cultural characteristics is a turn to subjective-life .which involves a flight from deference - to an established external authority , religion or secular - and embrace of the authority of one's own deepest feelings , intuition , desires , and experiences. the turn to subjective-life is reinforced by orther developments, including the triumph of democracy in the political sphere and capitalism in the economic sphere ( accompanied by growing affluence) . Together these changes conspire to give the unique individual self and its choices new weight and significance.-what this chapter will show it that whereas Christianity was eventually relatively succesful in adapting to the first modernity , it has found the second far less congenial . It will also reveal , however , that some varieties of Christianity have coped with the subjective turn somewhat better than others."giác ngộ" phản ứng chống lại Thiên Chúa giáoNhư chúng ta đã thấy trong chương 3, các hình thức thống trị của Kitô giáo - nhà thờ Thiên Chúa giáo - bắt đầu hiện đại kéo chặt chẽ liên minh với các tiểu bang quốc gia mới nổi của châu Âu. Mỗi quốc gia có nhà thờ nhà nước của nó, cho dù công giáo hoặc tin lành (thực sự một người giáo phái - giáo hội Anh hay 'Giáo hội Anh giáo' - đi vào được, một phần, xả vai trò này). Liên minh giữa giáo hội và nhà nước trên thế giới hiện đại đầu tiên được tăng cường bởi một worldview được chia sẻ. Nhà nước nhà thờ ủng hộ quan điểm rằng sức mạnh là sở hữu thích hợp của một Vương triều - Thiên Chúa ở trên trời, vua trong trái đất - những người có quyền và nhiệm vụ chỉ huy người dân của mình. Những người, lần lượt, bị bắt buộc phải tuân theo có chủ quyền điện từ trên cao trong các biểu hiện dưới đất và trên trời.Whereas Christianity in pre-reformation Europe had served as a focus of unity , with a single church - the Roman catholic - transcending the rivalries of secular power , Christianity now became a factor in such rivalry . Growing antagonism and warfare between competing nation states bacame bound up with revalries between Catholic and Protestant , not to mention those between different varieties of Protestantism . in the Process , Christianity became more 'confessional' than before , with competing churches articulating what they stood for - and what set them apart - by way of propositional statement of faith ('confessions') . Christianity also became more evangelistic , as different denominations grew more competitive and more concerned to win converts to their own particular version of the truth . Far from acting as an agent of peace and unity , Christianity seemed to be exacerbating the intolerance , hostility , and warfare that had become such a characteristic feature of early modern Europe .In the wake of the violent upheavals of the English Civil War and the wars of religion that raged across Continental Europe in the 17th century , some English and French writers began to propose radical reform . The so-called 'deist' made trenchant criticisms of 'traditional' Christianity , accusing it of being both irrational and intolerant . rather than advocating atheism , however , they proposed a new rational 'natural' religion that would offer a firmer basis for a stable and prosperous society . Based on reason rather than superstition , such religion would abandon belief in such things as miracles . the virgin birth , and the Trinity and would retain only the more rational and ethical elements of Christianity : belief in a creator God , in the brotherhood of man , the immortality of the soul , and the duty of love and care for one another.Deism represents the first modern manifestation of a 'Liberal' form of Christianity , that is to say a Christianity that accepts the authority of human reason , the value of freedom , and the possibility of progress . Liberal Christianity takes a relatively high view of human dignity ( closer to Aquinas than Augustine ) , but believes that is it cultivated by way of belief in the Christian God , and in the context of the church . As we will see in the remainder of this chapter . Liberal Christianity played an important rose in the rise of first modernity , and did far more than merely accommodate itself passively to modern values . It always faced the danger , however , of being viewed as an uneasy compromise between a more wholehearted embrace of human reason, freedom , and dignity , on the one hand , or a more devout and humble submission to the mysterious of the Christian faith and the authority of God and His church , on the other
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
