direct observationAudience analysis

direct observation
Audience analysis by direct
observation, or direct experience, is, by
far, the most simple of the three
paradigms for “getting the feel” of a
particular audience. It is a form of
qualitative data gathering. We perceive
it through one or more of our five
natural senses—hearing, seeing,
touching, tasting, and smelling.
Knowledge that we acquire through
personal experience has more impact
on us than does knowledge that we
learn indirectly. Knowledge acquired
from personal experience is also more
likely to affect our thinking and will be
retained for a longer period of time.
We are more likely to trust what we
hear, see, feel, taste, and smell rather
than what we learn from secondary
sources of information (Pressat, 1972).
All you really need to do for this
method of observation is to examine
your audience. If you are lucky enough
to be able to do this before speaking to
your audience, you will be able to
gather some basic reflective data (How
old are they? What racial mix does this
audience have? Does their non-verbal
behavior indicate that they are excited
to hear this speech?) that will help you
arrange your thoughts and arguments
for your speech (Nierenberg & Calero,
1994).
One excellent way to become
informed about your audience is to ask
them about themselves. In its most
basic form, this is data collection.
Whenever possible, have conversations
with them – interact with members of
your audience – get to know them on a
personal level (Where did you go to
school? Do you have siblings/pets?
What kind of car do you drive?)
Through these types of conversations,
you will be able to get to know and
appreciate each audience member as
both a human being and as an audience
member. You will come to understand
what interests them, convinces them, or
even makes them laugh. You might
arouse interest and curiosity in your
topic while you also gain valuable data.
For example, you want to deliver a
persuasive speech about boycotting
farm-raised fish. You could conduct a
short attitudinal survey to discover
what your audience thinks about the
topic, if they eat farm-raised fish, and if
they believe it is healthy for them. This
information will help you when you
construct your speech because you will
know their attitudes about the subject.
You would be able to avoid
constructing a speech that potentially
could do the opposite of what you
intended.
Another example would be that you
want to deliver an informative speech
about your town’s recreational
activities and facilities. Your focus can
be aligned with your audience if, before
you begin working on your speech, you
find out if your audience has senior
citizens and/or high school students
and/or new parents.
Clearly this cannot be done in every
speaking situation, however. Often, we
are required to give an unacquainted￾audience presentation. Unacquainted￾audience presentations are speeches
when you are completely unfamiliar
with the audience and its
demographics. In these cases, it is
always best to try and find some time to
sit down and talk with someone you
trust (or even several people) who
might be familiar with the given
audience. These conversations can be
very constructive in helping you
understand the context in which you
will be speaking.
Not understanding the basic
demographic characteristics of an
audience, or further, that audience’s
beliefs, values, or attitudes about a
given topic makes your presentation
goals haphazard, at best. Look around
the room at the people who will be
listening to your speech. What types of
gender, age, ethnicity, and educational￾level characteristics are represented?
What are their expectations for your
presentation? This is all-important
information you should know before
you begin your research and drafting
your outline. Who is it that I am going
to be talking to?

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

quan sát trực tiếpĐối tượng phân tích bằng cách trực tiếp quan sát, hoặc kinh nghiệm trực tiếp, là, bởi đến nay, đơn giản nhất trong ba paradigms để "nhận được cảm giác" của một đặc biệt khán giả. Nó là một hình thức chất lượng dữ liệu thu thập. Chúng ta nhận thức nó thông qua một hoặc nhiều của chúng tôi 5 tự nhiên cảm giác — nghe, thấy, chạm vào, nếm, và có mùi. Kiến thức mà chúng tôi có được thông qua kinh nghiệm cá nhân có tác động nhiều hơn chúng ta hơn liệu kiến thức mà chúng tôi Tìm hiểu cách gián tiếp. Kiến thức mua từ kinh nghiệm cá nhân cũng là nhiều hơn nữa có khả năng ảnh hưởng đến suy nghĩ của chúng tôi và sẽ giữ lại cho một thời gian dài. Chúng tôi có nhiều khả năng để tin tưởng những gì chúng tôi nghe, xem, cảm thấy, hương vị, và có mùi khá so với những gì chúng tôi học hỏi từ trung học nguồn thông tin (Pressat, 1972). Tất cả các bạn thực sự cần để làm cho điều này phương pháp quan sát là để kiểm tra đối tượng của bạn. Nếu bạn là may mắn để có thể làm điều này trước khi nói chuyện với đối tượng của bạn, bạn sẽ có thể thu thập một số dữ liệu phản xạ cơ bản (làm thế nào cũ là họ? Những gì kết hợp chủng tộc thực hiện điều này khán giả có? Hiện họ không lời hành vi cho thấy rằng họ rất vui mừng nghe bài phát biểu này?) điều đó sẽ giúp bạn sắp xếp những suy nghĩ và lập luận của bạn Đối với các bài phát biểu (Nierenberg & Calero, năm 1994). Một cách tuyệt vời để trở thành thông báo về đối tượng của bạn là để yêu cầu họ về bản thân mình. Trong hầu hết của nó dạng cơ bản, đây là bộ sưu tập dữ liệu. Bất cứ khi nào có thể, có cuộc hội thoại với họ-tương tác với các thành viên của your audience – get to know them on a personal level (Where did you go to school? Do you have siblings/pets? What kind of car do you drive?) Through these types of conversations, you will be able to get to know and appreciate each audience member as both a human being and as an audience member. You will come to understand what interests them, convinces them, or even makes them laugh. You might arouse interest and curiosity in your topic while you also gain valuable data. For example, you want to deliver a persuasive speech about boycotting farm-raised fish. You could conduct a short attitudinal survey to discover what your audience thinks about the topic, if they eat farm-raised fish, and if they believe it is healthy for them. This information will help you when you construct your speech because you will know their attitudes about the subject. You would be able to avoid constructing a speech that potentially could do the opposite of what you intended. Another example would be that you want to deliver an informative speech about your town’s recreational activities and facilities. Your focus can be aligned with your audience if, before you begin working on your speech, you find out if your audience has senior citizens and/or high school students and/or new parents. Clearly this cannot be done in every speaking situation, however. Often, we are required to give an unacquainted￾audience presentation. Unacquainted￾audience presentations are speeches when you are completely unfamiliar with the audience and its demographics. In these cases, it is always best to try and find some time to sit down and talk with someone you trust (or even several people) who might be familiar with the given audience. These conversations can be very constructive in helping you understand the context in which you will be speaking. Not understanding the basic demographic characteristics of an audience, or further, that audience’s beliefs, values, or attitudes about a given topic makes your presentation goals haphazard, at best. Look around the room at the people who will be listening to your speech. What types of gender, age, ethnicity, and educational￾level characteristics are represented? What are their expectations for your presentation? This is all-important information you should know before you begin your research and drafting your outline. Who is it that I am going to be talking to?