observations of fertilized eggs are quoted at length in order to corroborate Boerhaave’s theory.A translation of these observations appears in Manbyō chijun.The fact that Malpighi’s observations were translated into Japanese is significant because un-til recently it was supposed that only practical knowledge, and not high-level specialized learning that was in circulation among the most discerning European scholars, was absorbed by the rangakusha(scholars of Dutch studies). It is even more important to know that the translator was Tsuboi Shindō, an excellent teacher whose private academy Nisshūdō 日習堂trained many outstanding physicians in Western medicine.In order to convey an understanding of the importance of Tsuboi’s translation, I need first to situate the significance of Malpighi’s observations in the context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century medicine; I will do so briefly in the next section of this article. Section One: Malpighi’s Embryological Treatises
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