A. Torque and power output1. Torque The conrod converts the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the crankshaft. The force with which the expanding air/fuel mixture forces the piston downwards is thus translated into rotational force or torque by the leverage of the crankshaft. The output torque M of the engine is, therefore, dependent on mean pressure pe (mean piston or operating pressure). It is expressed by the equation:M = pe . VH /(4.).WhereV¬H is the cubic capacity of the engine and. The mean pressure can reach levels of 8…22 bar in small turbocharged diesel engines for cars. By comparison, gasonline engines achieve levels of 7…11 bar. The maximum achievable torque, Mmax, that the engine can deliver is determind by its design (cubic capacity, method of aspiration, etc…). The torque output is adjusted to the requirements of the driving situation essentially by altering the fuel and air mass and mixing ratio. Torque increasses in relation to engine speed, n, until maximum torque, Mmax, is reached (Fig.1). As the engine speed increases beyond that point, the torque begins to fall again ( maximum permissible engine load, desired performance, gearbox design ). Engine design efforts are aimed at generating maximum torque at low engine speeds ( under 2,000 rpm ) because at those speeds fule consumption is at its most economical and the engine’s response characteristics are perceived as positive ( good “ pulling power”).2. Power output The power P ( work per unit of time) generated by the engine depends on torque M and engine speed n. Engine power output increases with engine speed unitl it reaches its maximum level, or rated power Prated at the engine’s rated speed, nrated. The following equation applies: P = 2 . . n . M Figure 1.a shows a comparison between the power curves of diesel engines made in 1968 and in 1998 in relation to engine speed. Due to their lower maximum engnine speeds, diesel engines have a lower displacement-related power output than gasonline engines. Modern diesel engines for cars have rated speeds of between 3,500 and 5,00000 rpm. Fig 1: Torque and power curves for two diesel car engines with a capacity of approx.
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