74. tòa án nào quan sát, hơn nữa, al1 ba tiểu bang đã thực hiệnkhai báo về sự chấp nhận của compulsoryjurisdiction của tòa án, vàlà miễn phí, tại bất kỳ thời điểm nào, để đến trước khi tòa án, trên cơ sở bài viết 36,đoạn 2, với một ứng dụng về thủ tục tố tụng đối với NicaraGua – một nhà nước mà cũng bị ràng buộc bởi thẩm quyền bắt buộc của cácTòa án bởi một tuyên bố vô điều kiện mà không có giới hạn của thời gian-, nếu họnên tìm thấy rằng họ có thể bị ảnh hưởng bởi quyết định tương lai của tòa án.Hơn nữa, các nước cũng được miễn phí khu nghỉ mát với các thủ tục ngẫu nhiêncan thiệp dưới bài viết 62 và 63 của đạo luật, vào thứ hai củamà El Salvador có resorted đã không thành công trong các thẩm quyền tài phángiai đoạn của thủ tục tố tụng, nhưng để whch nó có thể trở lại trong giai đoạn thành tích củaCác trường hợp. Do đó là không có câu hỏi của các nước này đang được chechống lại bất kỳ hậu quả có thể phát sinh ra khỏi hoạt động xét xử của tòa án,hoặc của họ cần bảo vệ tại Hiệp ước đa phương củaHoa Kỳ.75. tuyên bố Hoa Kỳ sử dụng từ "ảnh hưởng", mà không cólàm cho nó rõ ràng là để xác định cho dù kỳ được gọi là, hoặc làkhông, bị ảnh hưởng. Các tiểu bang mình sẽ có sự lựa chọn của một trong hai instithủ tục tố tụng tuting hoặc can thiệp để bảo vệ lợi ích của họ, tại vì vậyxa như những không đã bảo vệ bởi 59 bài viết của đạo luật. Đối với cácCourt, it is only when the general lines of thejudgment to be given becomeclear that the States "affected" could be identified. By way of example wemay take the hypothesis that if the Court were to decide to reject theApplication of Nicaragua on the facts, there would be no third State'sclaim to be affected. Certainly the determination of the States "affected"could not be left to the parties but must be made by the Court.76. At any rate, this is a question concerning matters of substancerelating to the merits of the case : obviously the question of what Statesmay be "affected" by the decision on the merits is not in itself a jurisdictional problem. The present phase of examination of jurisdictional questions was opened by the Court itself by its Order of 10 May 1984,not by aforma1 preliminary objection submitted by the United States ; but it isappropriate to consider the grounds put forward by the United States foralleged lack of jurisdiction in the light of the procedural provisions for suchobjections. That being so, and since the procedural technique formerlyavailable of joinder of preliminary objections to the merits has been doneaway with since the 1972 revision of the Rules of Court, the Court has nochoice but to avail itself of Article 79, paragraph 7, of the present Rules ofCourt, and declare that the objection based on the multilateral treatyreservation of the United States Declaration of Acce~tancedoes notpossess, in the circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character, and that consequently it does not constitute an obstacle for the Court to entertain the proceedings instituted by Nicaragua under the Applicationof 9 April 1984.77. It is in view of this finding on the United States multilateral treatyreservation that the Court has to turn to the other ground of jurisdictionrelied on by Nicaragua, even though it isprimafacie narrower in scope thanthe jurisdiction deriving from the declarations of the two Parties under theOptional Clause. As noted in paragraphs 1 and 12 above, Nicaragua in itsApplication relies on the declarations of the Parties accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in order to found jurisdiction, but in itsMemorial it invokes also a 1956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce andNavigation between Nicaragua and the United States as a complementaryfoundation for the Court's jurisdiction. Since the multilateral treaty reservation obviously does not affect the jurisdiction of the Court under the1956Treaty, it is appropriate to ascertain the existence of suchjurisdiction,limited as it is.78. The United States objects to this invocation of a jurisdictional basisnot specified in the Application instituting proceedings : it argues that inproceedings instituted by means of an application, the jurisdiction of theCourt is founded upon the legal grounds specified in that application. AnApplicant is not permitted, in the view of the United States, to assert in
subsequent pleadings jurisdictional grounds of which it was presumably
aware at the time it filed its Application. While Nicaragua in its Application purported to reserve the right to amend that Application, and
invokes that reservation to justify adding an alternative jurisdictional
basis, the United States contends that it is ineffective, as it cannot alter the
requirements of the Statute and Rules of Court.
79. Nicaragua has not advanced any arguments to refute the United
States contention that the belated invocation of the 1956 Treaty is impermissible. During the oral proceedings the Agent of Nicaragua merely
explained that in order to respect the Court's indications regarding the
necessity of being as concise as possible, Nicaragua had omitted from the
oral arguments presented on its behalf a number of arguments developed
in the Memorial, and still asserted by Nicaragua. The Agent stated that
Nicaragua does maintain that the 1956 Treaty constitutes a "subsidiary
basis" for the Court's jurisdiction in the present proceedings, and the final
submissions of Nicaragua incorporated by reference Submission D in the
Memorial of Nicaragua, asserting jurisdiction under the Treaty.
80. The Court considers that the fact that the 1956 Treaty was not
invoked in the Application as a title of jurisdiction does not in itself
constitute a bar to reliance being placed upon it in the Memorial. Since the
Court must always be satisfied that it hasjurisdiction before proceeding to
examine the merits of a case, it is certainly desirable that "the legal grounds
upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based" should be
indicated at an early stagein the proceedings, and Article 38 of the Rules of
Court therefore provides for these to be specified "as far as possible" in the
application. An additional ground of jurisdiction may however be brought
to the Court's attention later, and the Court may take it into account
provided the Applicant makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon that
basis (Certain Nonvegian Loans, Z.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 25), and provided
also that the result is not to transform the dispute brought before the Court
by the application into another dispute which is different in character
(Société Commerciale de Belgique, P.C.I.J., Series A / B , No. 78, p. 173).
Both these conditions are satisfied in the present case.
81. Article XXIV, paragraph 2, of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce
and Navigation between the United States of America and Nicaragua,
signed at Managua on 21 January 1956, reads as follows :
"Any dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, not satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy,
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice, unless the
Parties agree to settlement by some other pacific means."
The treaty entered into force on 24 May 1958on exchange of ratifications ;
it was registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations by the United
States on 11July 1960.The provisions of Article XXIV, paragraph 2, are in
terms which are very common in bilateral treaties of amity or of establishment, and the intention of the parties in accepting such clauses is
clearly to provide for such a right of unilateral recourse to the Court in the
absence of agreement to employ some other pacific means of settlement
(cf. United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, I. C.J. Reports
1980, p. 27, para. 52). In the present case, the United States does not deny
either that the Treaty is in force, or that Article XXIV is in general capable
of conferring jurisdiction on the Court. It contends however that if the
basis of jurisdiction is limited to the Treaty, since Nicaragua's Application
presents no claims of any violations of it, there are no claims properly
before the Court for adjudication. In order to establish the Court's jurisdiction over the present dispute under the Treaty, Nicaragua must establish a reasonable connection between the Treaty and the claims subrnitted
to the Court ; but according to the United States, Nicaragua cannot
establish such a connection. Furthermore, the United States has drawn
attention to the reference in Article XXIV to disputes "not satisfactorily
adjusted by diplomacy", and argues that an attempt so to adjust the
dispute is thus a prerequisite of its subrnission to the Court. Since, according to the United States, Nicaragua has never even raised in negotiations
with the United States the application or interpretation of the Treaty to
any of the factual or legal allegations in its Application, Nicaragua has
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