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5.6.2 Consumer survey in the early

5.6.2 Consumer survey in the early stages of product development
When more quantitative data are needed, for example in determining the target
market and predicting the sales to the target market, a consumer survey using a
randomly selected sample of the population is needed. Consumer surveys are
usually personal interviews using a formalised questionnaire, but sometimes a
qualitative unstructured interview can be used where there is little information
Table 5.10 Multistage idea generation and screening for a meat product for hotels and
motels in Melbourne, Australia
Activities Participants Techniques
Preliminary idea generation Food technologists, Nominal group technique
caterers Brainstorming
Synectics
Preliminary screening Researcher Qualitative: fulfil consumer
requirements, offer benefits for
menu planner, value for money,
competitive advantage
Outcome: 30 product ideas in categories
Development of ideas Menu planners Focus group on list of product
ideas
Consumers Focus group on a list of product
(beef eating) ideas
Outcome: 30 ideas with benefits, attributes needed by consumers and menu planners
Technical feasibility screening 2 meat technology Interview on technical feasibility,
experts technology availability,
competition, demand volume
Outcome: 32 technically feasible products
Checklist screening 4 food technologists Individual scoring on marketing
and technical factors
Outcome: 14 product ideas in 5 categories
Development of Menu planners Focus group
product descriptions Consumers Focus group
Outcome: 14 product descriptions
Suppliers’ company Managers Individual scoring
specific screening Food technologists Individual scoring
Outcome: 5 Agreed product descriptions for development
Raw beef product untreated – tender beef in thin slices.
Raw beef product treated – flavoured pickled beef.
Prepared ready-to-cook product – fricadelle (new beef burger), coated beef product.
Pre-cooked beef product – precooked meat loaf.
Source: From Roberts, 1997.
228 Food product development
about the new product. Methods of organising a consumer survey in product
development projects are described in West and Earle (1987).
The consumer survey usually compares three or four new product ideas that
have been generated. The information sought can be past and intended
behaviour; general opinions and attitudes on eating characteristics, nutritional
value, safety, cooking/serving/eating needs, size of packs and related cost; and
demographic data such as socioeconomic characteristics and level of knowledge.
It is useful to identify the usage patterns for products at present on the market
and to assess consumer attitudes and opinions on particular types of products, as
well as seeking information on the new products. The information can be
analysed to give market share by consumer classifications, method of purchasing
products, frequency of purchase and ways of using products. The researcher
defines the market segments and forecasts the market potential. From
consumers’ opinions, attitudes and general comments, assessment can be made
of product needs and the inadequacies of present products.
With information from the consumer survey, new product descriptions can
evolve to product concepts, with definition of basic product attributes such as size,
storage life, function, price range, ingredients, desired eating characteristics and
cooking method. The target market segment(s) are identified, so that the choice of
representative consumers for developing the product idea concept for the product
design can be made. Consumers in the original focus groups are probably chosen
as representative of the segment that the researcher believes will accept and buy
the product. But there is a need to confirm this is correct in a larger survey. Target
consumers can be identified on demographic factors such as age and education,
but target segments based on such factors as usage of product, life style,
personality and social groups can be more directly related to the product.
5.6.3 Product concept definition and optimisation
The product concept is built up in stages – attributes identification and
screening, attributes measurement, complete product concept, product concept
evaluation. Saguy and Moskowitz (1999) said ‘Innovative products possess
spatial and temporal limits’ and what is attempted in product concept
development is to outline these limits and in the product design specifications
to give them quantitative values. Development of the product concept and the
product design specifications are outlined in Fig. 5.10, showing the consumers
Fig. 5.10 Attributes in product concept and product design specifications.
The consumer in product development 229
after their acceptance of a new product description, identifying the product
attributes important to them in the product. The product designers with
consumers and analytical technologists build up metrics, that is quantitative
measurements of the product attributes, as the basis for the product design
specifications. Often, these activities are not sequential from consumers to food
technologists but they are cycling backwards and forwards between the three
groups, as the concepts of the product characteristics identified by the
consumers gradually become the physical and chemical testing of the food
technologists.
The consumers who take part in developing the product concept are category
users or, if it is an innovation, the predicted category users. The consumer focus
group is invaluable for building up the product concept. Usually 30–60 but
sometimes up to 200 consumers take part in small discussion groups of six to
eight people. The discussions are usually free ranging so that the consumers can
discuss their own attitudes and behaviour towards the products and identify their
needs in the product. The consumers are using as models the company’s present
products, competing products and early product prototypes.
In identifying product attributes for the product concept, it is important to
discover from the consumers everything they recognise in the product so as to
discover all the product attributes. The consumers combine what they identify as
similar attributes into one attribute; then they develop a description of this
attribute. The attributes are grouped by the consumers into core values, functional
attributes and unimportant attributes. The core values are what consumers wish to
feel/achieve when they buy/eat the food and after the food is eaten, for example
feeling healthy, happy, not hungry. The functional attributes are the qualities of
the product needed for use. The essential attributes, the ‘benefits’ that consumers
identify to differentiate the products and also the ‘risks’ that they identify with the
product, are recognised. Included are all the different types of attributes – basic
product, package, use, psychological, social, cultural and environmental.
Think break
A simple product description given to a focus group of women with children was:
A new fruit salad topping is to be produced, using fruit, and containing no
synthetic flavours and colours. It is to be used like other toppings on ice cream
and other desserts.
The focus group identified some important product attributes:
• Target consumers: bought by families, used by children.
• Functional: packed in 300 ml ‘squeeze’, plastic container, same viscosity as
present toppings on market, used on ice cream, pancakes, etc.
• Values: natural, real fruit, low calories.
• Economics: price £1–1.50 for 300 ml.
230 Food product development
It is important that the consumers examine the attributes together, as they
often interact with each other in the product. Consumers may not be able to
describe new products, especially radical innovations that they have never seen,
but they can compare different combinations of product attributes and select
what suits them. The next step in the development of the product concept is to
test different combinations of the identified attributes. The attributes are brought
together as a variety of combinations in separate product concepts and assessed
for acceptance (or purchase intent) by the consumers. The different product
concepts can also be compared with competing products to see how they
perform competitively. Using statistical modelling such as conjoint analysis, the
product designer can identify the crucial attributes, recombine them (adding any
new attributes that the consumers have identified as missing) and gradually
optimise the product concept. Concept screening not only helps to select the best
concept and determine the contribution of individual attributes, but also shows
how concepts can be restructured.
The multi-attribute approach for product concept generation and evaluation
has led to a systematic method instead of the old ‘try it and taste’ method. It has
increased the basic knowledge of food products, and their relationships to each
other both on product platforms and positions in the market. It has identified the
common attributes related to types of products, and also the differences between
specific products. The use of statistical techniques with their associated
computer software has given a quantitative base for product and attribute
identification. The techniques include factor analysis, clustering methods,
multidimensional scaling (MDS), conjoint analysis (Shocker and Srinvasan,
1979; Martens et al., 1983; Green et al., 1988), and in sensory studies,
descriptive sensory analysis and principal components analysis (Gacula, 1997;
Meilgaard et al., 1999). These methods have been widely used in the food
industry (Schutz, 1988; Moskowitz, 1994; Saguy and Moskowitz, 1999).
Multivariate analysis is used in grouping attributes. Ninety-two New Zealand
consumers compared 45 meat cuts, including beef, lamb, hogget, mutton, pork,
1. Study the product attributes identified by the focus group. Can any of these
attributes be combined? What other product attribu
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5.6.2 在产品开发的早期阶段消费者调查
何时更多定量数据需要,例如在确定目标
市场和预测到的目标市场的销售,消费者调查使用
随机抽样人口的需要。消费者调查是
通常个人面谈,但有时使用正式的调查表,
可以用定性的非结构化的面试那里有小小的信息
表 5.10 多级构思一代和筛查的酒店的肉类产品和
汽车旅馆在墨尔本,澳大利亚
活动参与者技术
初步想法代食品技师、 名义小组技术
宴席集思广益
启示
初步筛查研究员定性:履行消费者
的要求,提供的好处
菜单规划师、 价值的钱,
竞争优势
成果: 30 产品类别中的想法
想法菜单规划师重点集团的产品名单上发展
想法
消费者焦点小组名单上的产品
(beef eating) 的想法
成果: 30 想法与福利、 消费者和菜单规划所需的属性
筛选 2 肉技术面试技术可行性、 技术可行性
专家技术的可用性,
竞争、 需求数量
结果: 32 技术上可行的产品
筛查 4 食品技术专家个人得分在市场营销上的核对表
和技术因素
成果: 14 在 5 个类别的产品创意
菜单发展规划重点组
产品说明消费者焦点小组
成果: 14 产品说明
供应商的公司管理人员个人得分
特定筛选食品技术专家个人得分
结果: 5 商定产品说明发展
生牛肉产品未经治疗 — — 嫩牛肉的薄切片。
生牛肉产品治疗 — — 风味腌的牛肉。
准备的就绪的厨师产品 — — fricadelle (新牛肉汉堡),涂上牛肉产品。
预煮牛肉产品 — — 预先烹调肉糕。
源: 从罗伯茨,1997年。
228 食品产品开发
有关新产品。筹办中产品的消费者调查方法
发展项目中西部和厄尔 (1987 年) 所述.
消费者调查通常比较三个或四个新产品设想,
已生成。要求的信息可以是过去的和意欲
的行为 ;一般的意见和态度对饮食的特点,营养
值、 安全、 烹饪/服务/饮食需要、 大小的包和相关的成本 ;和
人口统计数据如社会经济特点和知识水平。
,确定产品的使用模式目前在市场上很有用
并作为评估消费者的态度和意见对特定类型的产品,
以及寻求新的产品信息。该信息可
分析给市场份额由消费者分类,购买的方法
产品、 购买和使用产品的方式的频率。研究员
定义了对市场的细分和预测的市场潜力。从
消费者的意见,态度和一般性意见,可以作出评估
产品的需求和目前产品的不足之处的
与消费者调查的资料,新的产品说明可以
进化的产品概念,如大小、 基本的产品属性的定义与
贮存寿命、 功能、 价格范围、 配料、 所需的饮食特点和
烹饪方法。确定针对的细分目标市场,这样的选择
代表消费者为发展中国家产品理念理念,为产品
可以做设计。原始的重点群体的消费者可能选择
研究员认为,部分代表将接受和购买
产品。但有必要确认这是正确的一项较大的调查中。目标
消费者可以确定人口因素 (如年龄和教育,
,但基于使用的产品,生活方式,这种因素的目标细分
人格和社会群体可以更直接相关的产品。
5.6.3 产品概念定义和优化
产品概念建立在阶段 — — 特性鉴定和
筛选、 特性测量,完整的产品概念、 产品概念
评价。Saguy 和莫斯科维茨 (1999 年) 说: ' 创新产品拥有
时空限制和什么尝试在产品的概念
发展是概述这些限制和产品设计规格
给他们的定量值。产品概念的发展和
产品设计规格概述在图 5 中。10、 显示消费者
图 5.10 属性在产品概念和产品设计规格。
消费者在产品开发 229
后它们接受的新的产品说明,标识产品
属性对其重要的产品中。产品设计师与
消费者和分析技术专家建立度量标准,这就是定量
测量的产品特性,如产品设计的基础
规格。这些活动往往不顺序从消费者对食品
技术专家,但他们单车前进和倒退,三者之间
组,作为由标识的产品特征的概念
消费者逐渐成为物理和化学测试的食物
技师.
他们参加发展中国家的产品概念,消费者是类别
用户,或者如果它是一项创新,预测的类别用户。消费者焦点
组是为建立产品概念非常宝贵。通常 30 – 60 但
有时高达 200 消费者参加小讨论组的六至
8 人。讨论通常是免费不等,消费者可以
讨论他们自己的态度和行为,产品并确定其
需要在产品中。消费者使用的作为模特公司的礼物
产品、 竞争对手的产品和早期产品原型。
在确定产品概念的产品属性,它是重要的
从消费者发现一切他们认识到产品中,
发现产品的所有属性。消费者结合他们确定为
类似属性到一个属性 ;然后他们开发的这说明
属性。属性由消费者分为功能的核心价值观,
属性和不重要的属性。核心价值观是消费者的祝
感觉实现当他们买/吃的食物和食物吃完后,例如
感觉健康、 快乐、 不饿。功能特性是的素质
使用所需的产品。'福利'、 的基本属性消费者
标识来区分产品,还他们认同的 '风险'
产品,获得认可。包括所有不同类型的属性 — — 基本
产品、 包装、 使用、 心理上的社会、 文化和环境。
想休息
给予妇女与儿童的焦点小组简单产品说明是:
新的水果沙拉调料是要生产,使用水果,和含不
合成的味道和颜色。这是,可以像其他浇头在冰淇淋上使用
和其他的甜点。
焦点小组确定了一些重要的产品属性:
• 目标消费者:由使用的的家庭买了
• 功能: 装在 300 毫升 '挤'、 塑料容器、 相同黏度作为
目前市场上的冰淇淋、 煎饼等使用上的浇头
• 值: 自然、 真实的水果,低卡路里的热量。
• 经济学: 价格 £1 — — 1.50 为 300 毫升。
230 食品产品开发
很重要,消费者在一起,作为他们检查的特性
孩子。往往彼此交互产品中。消费者可能无法
描述新的产品,特别是激进的创新,他们从未见过,
但他们可以比较不同的产品属性的组合和选择
什么适合他们。产品概念的发展的下一步是到
测试不同的标识属性的组合。属性带来了
一起作为多种组合中单独的产品概念和分摊
为消费者所接受 (或购买意向)。不同的产品
概念也可以相比竞争产品,请参阅如何他们
执行有竞争力。使用统计建模等联合分析
产品设计师可以识别的关键属性,两者重组的过程 (添加任何
消费者已确定为失踪的新属性) 和逐渐
优化产品概念。概念筛选不仅有助于选择最佳的
概念和确定的个别属性,但也显示贡献
如何可以重组概念.
产品概念产生与评价的多属性方法
导致了而不是老 '尝试它和口味' 方法的系统方法。它有
增加的食品和它们之间的关系每个基本知识
其他两个产品平台和在市场中的位置上。它确定了
共同属性类型相关的产品,和也之间的差异的
具体的产品。统计技术与它们相关联的使用
计算机软件产品和属性给一个定量的基地
鉴定。技术包括因子分析、 聚类方法,
多维缩放 (MDS)、 联合分析 (震惊和 Srinvasan,
1979 年;马腾 et al.,1983 年;绿色 et al.,1988年),并在知觉研究中,
感官的描述性分析和主成分分析法 (Gacula,1997 年 ;
Meilgaard et al.,1999年)。这些方法已广泛应用在食品
业 (舒茨,1988 年;· 莫斯科维茨,1994 年 ;Saguy 和莫斯科维茨,1999年).
多元分析用于分组的属性。九十两新西兰
消费者比较 45 分割肉,包括牛肉、 羊肉、 hogget、 羊肉、 猪肉、
1。研究由焦点组标识的产品特性。可以任何这些
属性结合起来呢?什么其他产品 attribu
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
Kết quả (Trung) 2:[Sao chép]
Sao chép!
5.6.2 Consumer survey in the early stages of product development
When more quantitative data are needed, for example in determining the target
market and predicting the sales to the target market, a consumer survey using a
randomly selected sample of the population is needed. Consumer surveys are
usually personal interviews using a formalised questionnaire, but sometimes a
qualitative unstructured interview can be used where there is little information
Table 5.10 Multistage idea generation and screening for a meat product for hotels and
motels in Melbourne, Australia
Activities Participants Techniques
Preliminary idea generation Food technologists, Nominal group technique
caterers Brainstorming
Synectics
Preliminary screening Researcher Qualitative: fulfil consumer
requirements, offer benefits for
menu planner, value for money,
competitive advantage
Outcome: 30 product ideas in categories
Development of ideas Menu planners Focus group on list of product
ideas
Consumers Focus group on a list of product
(beef eating) ideas
Outcome: 30 ideas with benefits, attributes needed by consumers and menu planners
Technical feasibility screening 2 meat technology Interview on technical feasibility,
experts technology availability,
competition, demand volume
Outcome: 32 technically feasible products
Checklist screening 4 food technologists Individual scoring on marketing
and technical factors
Outcome: 14 product ideas in 5 categories
Development of Menu planners Focus group
product descriptions Consumers Focus group
Outcome: 14 product descriptions
Suppliers’ company Managers Individual scoring
specific screening Food technologists Individual scoring
Outcome: 5 Agreed product descriptions for development
Raw beef product untreated – tender beef in thin slices.
Raw beef product treated – flavoured pickled beef.
Prepared ready-to-cook product – fricadelle (new beef burger), coated beef product.
Pre-cooked beef product – precooked meat loaf.
Source: From Roberts, 1997.
228 Food product development
about the new product. Methods of organising a consumer survey in product
development projects are described in West and Earle (1987).
The consumer survey usually compares three or four new product ideas that
have been generated. The information sought can be past and intended
behaviour; general opinions and attitudes on eating characteristics, nutritional
value, safety, cooking/serving/eating needs, size of packs and related cost; and
demographic data such as socioeconomic characteristics and level of knowledge.
It is useful to identify the usage patterns for products at present on the market
and to assess consumer attitudes and opinions on particular types of products, as
well as seeking information on the new products. The information can be
analysed to give market share by consumer classifications, method of purchasing
products, frequency of purchase and ways of using products. The researcher
defines the market segments and forecasts the market potential. From
consumers’ opinions, attitudes and general comments, assessment can be made
of product needs and the inadequacies of present products.
With information from the consumer survey, new product descriptions can
evolve to product concepts, with definition of basic product attributes such as size,
storage life, function, price range, ingredients, desired eating characteristics and
cooking method. The target market segment(s) are identified, so that the choice of
representative consumers for developing the product idea concept for the product
design can be made. Consumers in the original focus groups are probably chosen
as representative of the segment that the researcher believes will accept and buy
the product. But there is a need to confirm this is correct in a larger survey. Target
consumers can be identified on demographic factors such as age and education,
but target segments based on such factors as usage of product, life style,
personality and social groups can be more directly related to the product.
5.6.3 Product concept definition and optimisation
The product concept is built up in stages – attributes identification and
screening, attributes measurement, complete product concept, product concept
evaluation. Saguy and Moskowitz (1999) said ‘Innovative products possess
spatial and temporal limits’ and what is attempted in product concept
development is to outline these limits and in the product design specifications
to give them quantitative values. Development of the product concept and the
product design specifications are outlined in Fig. 5.10, showing the consumers
Fig. 5.10 Attributes in product concept and product design specifications.
The consumer in product development 229
after their acceptance of a new product description, identifying the product
attributes important to them in the product. The product designers with
consumers and analytical technologists build up metrics, that is quantitative
measurements of the product attributes, as the basis for the product design
specifications. Often, these activities are not sequential from consumers to food
technologists but they are cycling backwards and forwards between the three
groups, as the concepts of the product characteristics identified by the
consumers gradually become the physical and chemical testing of the food
technologists.
The consumers who take part in developing the product concept are category
users or, if it is an innovation, the predicted category users. The consumer focus
group is invaluable for building up the product concept. Usually 30–60 but
sometimes up to 200 consumers take part in small discussion groups of six to
eight people. The discussions are usually free ranging so that the consumers can
discuss their own attitudes and behaviour towards the products and identify their
needs in the product. The consumers are using as models the company’s present
products, competing products and early product prototypes.
In identifying product attributes for the product concept, it is important to
discover from the consumers everything they recognise in the product so as to
discover all the product attributes. The consumers combine what they identify as
similar attributes into one attribute; then they develop a description of this
attribute. The attributes are grouped by the consumers into core values, functional
attributes and unimportant attributes. The core values are what consumers wish to
feel/achieve when they buy/eat the food and after the food is eaten, for example
feeling healthy, happy, not hungry. The functional attributes are the qualities of
the product needed for use. The essential attributes, the ‘benefits’ that consumers
identify to differentiate the products and also the ‘risks’ that they identify with the
product, are recognised. Included are all the different types of attributes – basic
product, package, use, psychological, social, cultural and environmental.
Think break
A simple product description given to a focus group of women with children was:
A new fruit salad topping is to be produced, using fruit, and containing no
synthetic flavours and colours. It is to be used like other toppings on ice cream
and other desserts.
The focus group identified some important product attributes:
• Target consumers: bought by families, used by children.
• Functional: packed in 300 ml ‘squeeze’, plastic container, same viscosity as
present toppings on market, used on ice cream, pancakes, etc.
• Values: natural, real fruit, low calories.
• Economics: price £1–1.50 for 300 ml.
230 Food product development
It is important that the consumers examine the attributes together, as they
often interact with each other in the product. Consumers may not be able to
describe new products, especially radical innovations that they have never seen,
but they can compare different combinations of product attributes and select
what suits them. The next step in the development of the product concept is to
test different combinations of the identified attributes. The attributes are brought
together as a variety of combinations in separate product concepts and assessed
for acceptance (or purchase intent) by the consumers. The different product
concepts can also be compared with competing products to see how they
perform competitively. Using statistical modelling such as conjoint analysis, the
product designer can identify the crucial attributes, recombine them (adding any
new attributes that the consumers have identified as missing) and gradually
optimise the product concept. Concept screening not only helps to select the best
concept and determine the contribution of individual attributes, but also shows
how concepts can be restructured.
The multi-attribute approach for product concept generation and evaluation
has led to a systematic method instead of the old ‘try it and taste’ method. It has
increased the basic knowledge of food products, and their relationships to each
other both on product platforms and positions in the market. It has identified the
common attributes related to types of products, and also the differences between
specific products. The use of statistical techniques with their associated
computer software has given a quantitative base for product and attribute
identification. The techniques include factor analysis, clustering methods,
multidimensional scaling (MDS), conjoint analysis (Shocker and Srinvasan,
1979; Martens et al., 1983; Green et al., 1988), and in sensory studies,
descriptive sensory analysis and principal components analysis (Gacula, 1997;
Meilgaard et al., 1999). These methods have been widely used in the food
industry (Schutz, 1988; Moskowitz, 1994; Saguy and Moskowitz, 1999).
Multivariate analysis is used in grouping attributes. Ninety-two New Zealand
consumers compared 45 meat cuts, including beef, lamb, hogget, mutton, pork,
1. Study the product attributes identified by the focus group. Can any of these
attributes be combined? What other product attribu
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Kết quả (Trung) 3:[Sao chép]
Sao chép!
5.6.2消费者调查在产品开发的早期阶段,当
更多的定量的数据是必要的,例如在确定目标市场和
预测在目标市场的销售,使用
随机选取的样本人口消费的调查是必要的。消费者调查
通常通过一个正式的问卷调查,个人访谈,但有时
定性的非结构化面试可以用在没有信息
表5.10多级的想法的产生和筛选为酒店和汽车旅馆在墨尔本
肉类产品,澳大利亚
活动参与者的技术
初步构思一代食品,名义组技术
餐饮头脑风暴
类比法初步筛选研究
定性:满足消费者的
要求,提供
菜单策划的好处,金钱的价值,
竞争优势
结局:30产品类别
发展思路菜单规划者焦点小组名单上的产品
思想
消费者焦点小组名单上的产品
(牛肉吃)的想法
结果:30的想法和利益,消费者和菜单规划
需要的属性技术可行性筛选2肉类技术面试在技术上的可行性,
专家技术的可用性,
竞争,需求量
结局:32技术上可行的产品
清单筛选的4个人得分上
食品营销和技术因素
结局:5类
菜单规划者焦点小组
发展14个产品的想法产品说明消费者焦点团体
结局:14产品说明
供应商的公司管理人员的个人得分
特异性筛选食品技术专家个人得分
结局:5同意发展
生牛肉产品未经处理的–嫩牛肉薄片中的产品描述。
生牛肉产品处理的–调味腌牛肉。
准备好做产品–fricadelle(新牛肉汉堡包),涂层的牛肉产品。
煮熟的牛肉产品–调理瑞士肉包。
来源:罗伯茨,1997。228
食品产品开发
有关新产品。组织在产品开发项目
消费者调查的方法是在西部和厄尔描述(1987)。
消费者调查通常比较三或四的新产品设想,
已生成。寻找的信息可以是过去的和预期的
行为特点;吃一般的看法和态度,营养
值,安全,烹饪/服务/饮食的需求,大小的包和相关的成本和
;人口数据如和知识水平的社会经济特征。
它是确定产品的使用模式,目前在市场
有用并评估消费者的态度和对产品特定类型的意见,为
以及寻求新产品信息。信息可以
分析消费者分类给市场份额,购买
产品的方法,使用的产品购买方式和频率。研究者
定义的细分市场及预测市场潜力。从
消费者的意见,态度和一般的意见,评估可以
产品的需求和现有产品的不足之处。
从消费者调查信息,新产品描述可以
演变为产品的概念,随着产品的基本定义属性,如大小,
贮存寿命,功能,价格范围,成分,所需的饮食和
烹饪方法特点。目标细分市场(S)是确定的,因此,开发产品概念设计的产品

代表消费者选择可。在最初的焦点团体都是消费者选择的
为代表的部分,研究者将接受和购买产品
。但有一个需要确认这是在一个更大的调查正确。目标
消费者可以在人口统计因素如年龄、教育
确定,但目标的基础上使用的产品,生活方式等因素
段,人格和社会群体可以更直接相关的产品。
5.6.3产品概念的定义和优化
产品概念的阶段–属性和
筛选鉴定了起来,计量属性,完整的产品概念,产品的概念
评价。saguy和莫斯科维茨(1999)表示的创新产品具有
的时间和空间的限制,是在产品概念的发展是
尝试勾勒出这些限制和产品设计规范
给他们的定量值。产品概念的发展和
产品设计规范在图5概述。10,显示出消费者
图5.10属性在产品概念、产品设计规格。
消费者在产品开发的229
他们的一种新产品说明验收后,确定产品
属性重要对他们的产品。产品设计师
消费者和分析技术建立的指标,即定量
产品属性的测量,为产品的设计
规范基础上。通常,这些活动是不连续的从消费者对食品
技师但他们骑自行车向后,三
组之间的前锋,为概念的
消费者识别产品的特征逐渐成为食品
技师的物理和化学测试。
参与开发产品的概念范畴
用户或消费者,如果它是一个创新,预测类别的用户。消费者焦点
集团是建立产品概念的宝贵。通常30–60但
有时多达200的消费者参与六到八人的小组讨论
。讨论通常是自由放养的,消费者可以
讨论他们自己的态度和行为对产品和确定在产品
需要他们。消费者使用的模型公司目前的
产品,竞争产品和早期的产品原型。
识别产品概念产品的属性,它是
发现从消费者所认可的产品以
重要发现所有的产品属性。消费者将他们所确定的
类似的属性为一个属性;然后他们开发了一个描述这个
属性。属性是由消费者为核心价值观的分类,功能
属性和不重要的属性。核心价值是消费者希望
感觉/实现当他们购买/后吃的食物和吃食物,例如
感觉健康,快乐,不饿。功能属性是
需要使用产品的质量。的本质属性,“好处”,消费者
识别区分产品和“风险”,他们认同
产品,确认。包括各种不同类型的属性–基本
产品,包装,使用,心理,社会,文化和环境。
想打破
简单的产品介绍给有孩子的女性,焦点小组:一个新的水果沙拉
打顶是生产,使用的水果,而不含
合成香料和颜色。它是用像冰淇淋
和其他甜点其他配料。
焦点小组确定了一些重要的产品属性:
•目标消费者:购买的家庭,孩子们用的。
•功能:用300毫升的“挤”,塑料容器,为目前市场
配料相同的粘度,用于冰淇淋,煎饼,等
•值:自然,真正的水果,低卡路里的热量。
•经济学:价格£1–1.50 300毫升。
230食品产品开发
,消费者研究的属性在一起是很重要的,因为他们
经常互相交流,在产品。消费者可能无法
描述新产品,尤其是激进的创新,他们从来没有见过,但他们可以比较
产品属性的不同的组合和选择最适合自己的
。产品的概念发展的下一步是
试验所确定的属性不同的组合。属性将
在接受各种不同产品组合的概念和评估
(或购买意向的消费者)。不同的产品
概念也可以与竞争产品相比,看他们如何
进行竞争力。使用统计模型,如联合分析,该
产品设计师可以识别的关键属性,重组(添加任何
新的属性,消费者已确定为失踪)逐渐
优化产品概念。概念筛选不仅有助于选择最好的
概念和确定各个属性的贡献,但也显示
概念如何能被重组。
多属性的方法对产品概念产生和评价
有一个LED来取代旧的试试味道”方法的系统方法。它有
增加食品的基本知识,并对每个
其他对产品平台和市场中的位置,他们的关系。它确定了类型的相关产品
共同的属性,也
特定产品之间的差异。与它们相关的
计算机软件应用统计技术所提供的产品和
定量属性识别。该技术包括因子分析,聚类方法,
多维尺度(MDS),联合分析(震惊和srinvasan,
1979;马丁等人。,1983;格林等人。,1988),和感官的研究,
描述性的感官分析和主成分分析(gacula,1997;
迈尔高等人。,1999)。这些方法已被广泛应用于食品
产业(舒茨,1988;1994;saguy Moskowitz,三,1999)。
多元分析中使用的分组属性。九零二新西兰
消费者比较45的肉块,包括牛肉,羊肉,猪肉,羊肉,公羊,
1。研究产品属性通过焦点组的确定。可以有这些
属性相结合?还有什么其他的产品属性
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