Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Glossary of terms and institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
List of tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Geography and sociodemography ............................................................... 1
1.2 Economic context ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Political context ........................................................................................ 5
1.4 Health status ............................................................................................. 8
2. Organization and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Overview of the health system ................................................................. 17
2.2 Historical background ............................................................................. 21
2.3 Organization ........................................................................................... 41
2.4 Decentralization and centralization .......................................................... 52
2.5 Responsibilities for regulation and planning ............................................. 55
2.6 Intersectorality........................................................................................ 68
2.7 Health information management .............................................................. 69
2.8 Regulation .............................................................................................. 74
2.9 Patient empowerment .............................................................................. 95
3. Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1 Health expenditure ................................................................................. 107
3.2 Sources of revenue and financial flows .................................................... 115
3.3 Overview of the statutory financing system ............................................. 121
3.4 Out-of-pocket payments ......................................................................... 132
iv Health systems in transition Germany
3.5 Private health insurance (PHI) ................................................................ 137
3.6 Payment mechanisms ............................................................................. 140
4. Physical and human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1 Physical resources .................................................................................. 159
4.2 Human resources ................................................................................... 168
5. Provision of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.1 Public health .......................................................................................... 179
5.2 Patient pathways .................................................................................... 182
5.3 Ambulatory care .................................................................................... 185
5.4 Hospital care .......................................................................................... 192
5.5 Emergency care ..................................................................................... 198
5.6 Pharmaceutical care .............................................................................. 200
5.7 Rehabilitation ......................................................................................... 220
5.8 Long-term care ...................................................................................... 222
5.9 Social care ............................................................................................. 228
5.10 Palliative care ....................................................................................... 230
5.11 Mental health care ................................................................................ 231
5.12 Dental care ........................................................................................... 233
5.13 Complementary and alternative medicine ............................................... 234
6. Principal health reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.1 Analysis of recent reforms ...................................................................... 237
6.2 Future developments .............................................................................. 260
7. Assessment of the health system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.1 Stated objectives of the health system ...................................................... 263
7.2 Financial protection and equity in financing ........................................... 264
7.3 User experience and equity of access to health care .................................. 266
7.4 Health outcomes, health service outcomes and quality of care ................... 269
7.5 Health system efficiency ......................................................................... 275
8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.1 References ............................................................................................. 283
9.2 Useful web sites ..................................................................................... 292
9.3 HiT methodology and production process ................................................ 293
9.4 The review process ................................................................................. 296
9.5 About the authors ................................................................................... 296

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiBảng thuật ngữ của điều khoản và các tổ chức............................................................. ixList of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvList of tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAbstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIExecutive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 địa lý và sociodemography... 11.2 Economic context ...................................................................................... 31.3 Political context ........................................................................................ 51.4 Health status ............................................................................................. 82. Organization and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.1 Các tổng quan về hệ thống y tế... 172.2 lịch sử nền... 212.3 Organization ........................................................................................... 412.4 phân quyền và sự tập trung hoá... 522.5 các trách nhiệm về quy định và lập kế hoạch... 552.6 Intersectorality........................................................................................ 682,7 quản lý thông tin y tế... 692.8 Regulation .............................................................................................. 742.9 Patient empowerment .............................................................................. 953. Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073.1 Health expenditure ................................................................................. 1073.2 nguồn doanh thu và dòng chảy tài chính... 1153.3 Các tổng quan về hệ thống tài chính theo luật định... 1213.4 thanh toán xuất túi... 132Hệ thống y tế IV trong quá trình chuyển đổi Đức3,5 bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân (PHI)... 1373.6 Payment mechanisms ............................................................................. 1404. Physical and human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594.1 Physical resources .................................................................................. 1594.2 Human resources ................................................................................... 1685. Provision of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795.1 Public health .......................................................................................... 1795.2 Patient pathways .................................................................................... 1825.3 Ambulatory care .................................................................................... 1855.4 Hospital care .......................................................................................... 1925.5 Emergency care ..................................................................................... 1985.6 Pharmaceutical care .............................................................................. 2005.7 Rehabilitation ......................................................................................... 2205.8 Long-term care ...................................................................................... 2225.9 Social care ............................................................................................. 2285.10 Palliative care ....................................................................................... 2305.11 Mental health care ................................................................................ 2315.12 Dental care ........................................................................................... 2335.13 bổ sung và thay thế thuốc... 2346. Principal health reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2376.1 Analysis of recent reforms ...................................................................... 2376.2 Future developments .............................................................................. 2607. Assessment of the health system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2637.1 Stated objectives of the health system ...................................................... 2637.2 Financial protection and equity in financing ........................................... 2647.3 User experience and equity of access to health care .................................. 2667.4 Health outcomes, health service outcomes and quality of care ................... 2697.5 Health system efficiency ......................................................................... 2758. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2819. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839.1 References ............................................................................................. 2839.2 Useful web sites ..................................................................................... 2929.3 HiT methodology and production process ................................................ 2939.4 The review process ................................................................................. 2969.5 About the authors ................................................................................... 296