A. If you show up a bit late for a

A. If you show up a bit late for a meeting in Brazil, no one will be too worried. But if you keep someone in New York City waiting for ten or fifteen minutes, you may have some explaining to do. Time is seen as relatively flexible in some cultures but is viewed more rigidly in others. Indeed, the way members of a culture perceive and use time tells us about their society’s priorities, and even their own personal view of the world.
B. Back in the 1950s, anthropologist Edward T Hall described how the social rules of time are like a ‘silent language’ for a given culture. These rules might not always be made explicit
, he stated, but ‘they exist in the air’. He described how variations in the perception
of time can lead to misunderstandings between people from separate cultures. ‘An ambassador who has been kept waiting by a foreign visitor needs to understand that if his visitor “just mutters an apology”, this is not necessarily an insult,’ Hall wrote. ‘You must know the social rules of the country to know at what point apologies are really due.’
C. Social psychologist Robert V Levine says ‘One of the beauties of studying time is that it’s a wonderful window on culture. You get answers on what cultures value and believe in. ‘Levine and his colleagues have conducted so-called pace-of-life studies in 31countries. In A Geography of Time , published in 1997, Levine describes how he ranked the counties by measuring three things: walking speed on urban sidewalks, how quickly postal clerks could fulfill a request for a common stamp, and the accuracy of public clocks. From the data the collected, he concluded that the five fastest-paced countries are Switzerland, Ireland, Germany, Japan and Italy; the five slowest are Syria, El Salvador, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico.
D. Kevin Birth, an anthropologist, has examined time perceptions in Trinidad. In that country, Birth observes, ‘if you are meeting friends at 6.00 at night, people show up at6.45 or 7.00 and say, “any time is Trinidad time”.’ When it comes to business, however, that loose approach works only for the people with power. A boss can show up late and just say ‘any time is Trinidad time’, but those under him are expected to be on time. Birth adds that the connection between power and waiting time is true for many other cultures as well.
E .The complex nature of time makes it hard for anthropologists and social psychologists to investigate. ‘You can’t simply go into a society, walk up to someone and say, “Tell me about your concept of time”, ‘Birth says. ‘People don’t really have an answer to that. You have to come up with other ways to find out.’

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

A. If you show up a bit late for a meeting in Brazil, no one will be too worried. But if you keep someone in New York City waiting for ten or fifteen minutes, you may have some explaining to do. Time is seen as relatively flexible in some cultures but is viewed more rigidly in others. Indeed, the way members of a culture perceive and use time tells us about their society’s priorities, and even their own personal view of the world.B. Back in the 1950s, anthropologist Edward T Hall described how the social rules of time are like a ‘silent language’ for a given culture. These rules might not always be made explicit, he stated, but ‘they exist in the air’. He described how variations in the perceptionof time can lead to misunderstandings between people from separate cultures. ‘An ambassador who has been kept waiting by a foreign visitor needs to understand that if his visitor “just mutters an apology”, this is not necessarily an insult,’ Hall wrote. ‘You must know the social rules of the country to know at what point apologies are really due.’C. Social psychologist Robert V Levine says ‘One of the beauties of studying time is that it’s a wonderful window on culture. You get answers on what cultures value and believe in. ‘Levine and his colleagues have conducted so-called pace-of-life studies in 31countries. In A Geography of Time , published in 1997, Levine describes how he ranked the counties by measuring three things: walking speed on urban sidewalks, how quickly postal clerks could fulfill a request for a common stamp, and the accuracy of public clocks. From the data the collected, he concluded that the five fastest-paced countries are Switzerland, Ireland, Germany, Japan and Italy; the five slowest are Syria, El Salvador, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico.D. Kevin Birth, an anthropologist, has examined time perceptions in Trinidad. In that country, Birth observes, ‘if you are meeting friends at 6.00 at night, people show up at6.45 or 7.00 and say, “any time is Trinidad time”.’ When it comes to business, however, that loose approach works only for the people with power. A boss can show up late and just say ‘any time is Trinidad time’, but those under him are expected to be on time. Birth adds that the connection between power and waiting time is true for many other cultures as well.E. Bản chất phức tạp của thời gian làm cho nó khó khăn cho nhà nhân loại học và nhà tâm lý học xã hội để điều tra. ' Bạn chỉ đơn giản là không thể đi vào một xã hội, đi với một ai đó và nói: "Cho tôi biết về các khái niệm của bạn của thời gian", ' sinh nói. ' Người không thực sự có một câu trả lời đó. Bạn cần phải đi lên với những cách khác để tìm hiểu.'