Nanoparticle incorporated surgical materialsConventional polymeric tissue adhesives usually requirecomplex in vivo control of polymerization or crosslinkingreactions. They may also suffer from being toxic, weak,or ineffective within the wet conditions. Nanoscience andnanotechnology play an important role in improving theproperties and function of tissue adhesives for clinical applications. For example, nanotechnology enables the use ofnanoparticle solutions as adhesives and hemostatic materials to strongly bind biological tissues together and stopinternal bleeding without the need of using complex in situpolymerization techniques. It has been shown that surfacechemistry modification of these nanoparticles can enhanceparticle adsorption to the tissues and form strong bonding between them [22,23]. In addition, tissue adhesiveswith antibacterial capabilities can be formed through theincorporation of antimicrobial nanoparticles or hemostaticbioadhesives can be engineered by encapsulation of activenanoparticles in the adhesives [84]. Novel bioadhesives havebeen also developed for controlled drug-delivery [4,85,86].In this section, recent advances on the application of nanotechnology in designing multifunctional surgical materialsare reviewed. In particular, the use of nanoparticles forengineering antibacterial and hemostatic bioadhesives isdiscussed. Table 1 summarizes some examples of traditionaland nano-enabled adhesive materials with their formulation, adhesion strength, and functionalities
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