Synthesis by SPD poses challenging scientific and engineering problems, such as identifying and controlling the mechanisms of absorption, mass transfer, and synthesis. A number of problems emerge in the context of a continuum mechanics description of plastically deforming UFG materi als. The common notion of a continuum may even need to be re-considered, as this concept is not conducive for an adequate description of the effects (ii) and (iii) described in Section 1, which are at the core of SPD-induced synthesis. For example, if a closed simply connected regionV within a continuum is considered, its geometrical identity cannot change during the deformation process. Whatever deformation the regionV may undergo (for instance becoming elongated), the material points initially located within this region must stay within its bounds. Obviously, this kind of description cannot account for such processes as dispersion of an inclusion, when it decays to fragments not connected with each other. This conceptual difficulty resurfaces when another problem, intimately related to the previous one, is considered, namely a description of mass transfer in a plastically deforming body. As mentioned above, it is generally believed that mass transfer is carried by diffusion. How, then, can one account for transport of entire fragments of a material, rather than the individual atoms? A proposed mechanism of mass transfer is based on shifts of discontinuities and on the vorticity of the random velocityfield—similar in a way to turbulence influid dynamics. However, this mechanism, while being capable of explaining rapid mass transfer, requires experimental verification.Potential discontinuities in the displacement field in a deforming solid pose a further problem. At the atomic scale, metals have a crystalline lattice, which can undergo only elastic strains whose order of magnitude does not exceed 10^(-3). Hence, at that length scale, plastic deformation is represented by isometric transformation: a distance-preserving mapping between metric spaces. Such transformations include translation, rotation, and symmetric reflection. According to a theorem for nearly isometric transformations, a continuous mapping, which is isometric in a small vicinity of each point within a certain region, is also isometric in the entire region. Therefore, to result in a change of lengths and angles at macroscopic scale, plastic deformation has to belong to the class of piecewise isometric transformations. It was suggested that this idea can be used to develop ways of describing mass transfer in polycrystalline materials under-going plastic deformation.
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