Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Glossary of terms and institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
List of tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Geography and sociodemography ............................................................... 1
1.2 Economic context ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Political context ........................................................................................ 5
1.4 Health status ............................................................................................. 8
2. Organization and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Overview of the health system ................................................................. 17
2.2 Historical background ............................................................................. 21
2.3 Organization ........................................................................................... 41
2.4 Decentralization and centralization .......................................................... 52
2.5 Responsibilities for regulation and planning ............................................. 55
2.6 Intersectorality........................................................................................ 68
2.7 Health information management .............................................................. 69
2.8 Regulation .............................................................................................. 74
2.9 Patient empowerment .............................................................................. 95
3. Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1 Health expenditure ................................................................................. 107
3.2 Sources of revenue and financial flows .................................................... 115
3.3 Overview of the statutory financing system ............................................. 121
3.4 Out-of-pocket payments ......................................................................... 132
iv Health systems in transition Germany
3.5 Private health insurance (PHI) ................................................................ 137
3.6 Payment mechanisms ............................................................................. 140
4. Physical and human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1 Physical resources .................................................................................. 159
4.2 Human resources ................................................................................... 168
5. Provision of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.1 Public health .......................................................................................... 179
5.2 Patient pathways .................................................................................... 182
5.3 Ambulatory care .................................................................................... 185
5.4 Hospital care .......................................................................................... 192
5.5 Emergency care ..................................................................................... 198
5.6 Pharmaceutical care .............................................................................. 200
5.7 Rehabilitation ......................................................................................... 220
5.8 Long-term care ...................................................................................... 222
5.9 Social care ............................................................................................. 228
5.10 Palliative care ....................................................................................... 230
5.11 Mental health care ................................................................................ 231
5.12 Dental care ........................................................................................... 233
5.13 Complementary and alternative medicine ............................................... 234
6. Principal health reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.1 Analysis of recent reforms ...................................................................... 237
6.2 Future developments .............................................................................. 260
7. Assessment of the health system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.1 Stated objectives of the health system ...................................................... 263
7.2 Financial protection and equity in financing ........................................... 264
7.3 User experience and equity of access to health care .................................. 266
7.4 Health outcomes, health service outcomes and quality of care ................... 269
7.5 Health system efficiency ......................................................................... 275
8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.1 References ............................................................................................. 283
9.2 Useful web sites ..................................................................................... 292
9.3 HiT methodology and production process ................................................ 293
9.4 The review process ................................................................................. 296
9.5 About the authors ................................................................................... 296

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiBảng thuật ngữ của điều khoản và các tổ chức............................................................. ixList of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvList of tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAbstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIExecutive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 địa lý và sociodemography... 11.2 Economic context ...................................................................................... 31.3 Political context ........................................................................................ 51.4 Health status ............................................................................................. 82. Organization and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.1 Các tổng quan về hệ thống y tế... 172.2 lịch sử nền... 212.3 Organization ........................................................................................... 412.4 phân quyền và sự tập trung hoá... 522.5 các trách nhiệm về quy định và lập kế hoạch... 552.6 Intersectorality........................................................................................ 682,7 quản lý thông tin y tế... 692.8 Regulation .............................................................................................. 742.9 Patient empowerment .............................................................................. 953. Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073.1 Health expenditure ................................................................................. 1073.2 nguồn doanh thu và dòng chảy tài chính... 1153.3 Các tổng quan về hệ thống tài chính theo luật định... 1213.4 thanh toán xuất túi... 132Hệ thống y tế IV trong quá trình chuyển đổi Đức3,5 bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân (PHI)... 1373.6 Payment mechanisms ............................................................................. 1404. Physical and human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594.1 Physical resources .................................................................................. 1594.2 Human resources ................................................................................... 1685. Provision of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795.1 Public health .......................................................................................... 1795.2 Patient pathways .................................................................................... 1825.3 Ambulatory care .................................................................................... 1855.4 Hospital care .......................................................................................... 1925.5 Emergency care ..................................................................................... 1985.6 Pharmaceutical care .............................................................................. 2005.7 Rehabilitation ......................................................................................... 2205.8 Long-term care ...................................................................................... 2225.9 Social care ............................................................................................. 2285.10 Palliative care ....................................................................................... 2305.11 Mental health care ................................................................................ 2315.12 Dental care ........................................................................................... 2335.13 bổ sung và thay thế thuốc... 2346. Principal health reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2376.1 Analysis of recent reforms ...................................................................... 2376.2 Future developments .............................................................................. 2607. Assessment of the health system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2637.1 Stated objectives of the health system ...................................................... 2637.2 Financial protection and equity in financing ........................................... 2647.3 User experience and equity of access to health care .................................. 2667.4 Health outcomes, health service outcomes and quality of care ................... 2697.5 Health system efficiency ......................................................................... 2758. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2819. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839.1 References ............................................................................................. 2839.2 Useful web sites ..................................................................................... 2929.3 HiT methodology and production process ................................................ 2939.4 The review process ................................................................................. 2969.5 About the authors ................................................................................... 296

Kết quả (Việt) 2:

Lời nói đầu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Lời cảm ơn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Danh mục các thuật ngữ và các tổ chức. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Danh sách các chữ viết tắt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Danh sách các bảng và hình vẽ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Tóm tắt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Tóm tắt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1. Sự giới thiệu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Địa lý và sociodemography ............................................. .................. 1
1.2 bối cảnh kinh tế ............................ .................................................. ........ 3
1.3 Bối cảnh chính trị ...................................... .................................................. 5
1.4 Tình trạng sức khỏe .............................................. ............................................... 8
2. Tổ chức và quản lý. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Tổng quan về hệ thống y tế ........................................... ...................... 17
2.2 Bối cảnh lịch sử ........................ .................................................. ... 21
2.3 Tổ chức ............................................ ............................................... 41
2.4 Phân cấp và tập trung ................................................ .......... 52
2.5 Trách nhiệm quy định và lập kế hoạch ................................. ............ 55
2.6 68
2.7 Y tế quản lý thông tin ............................................. ................. 69
Quy chế 2.8 .............................. .................................................. .............. 74
2.9 trao quyền cho bệnh nhân ................................ .............................................. 95
3. Tài chính . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
chi 3.1 Y tế .............................................. ................................... 107
3.2 Các nguồn doanh thu và dòng tài chính ....... ............................................. 115
3.3 Tổng quan về Hệ thống tài chính theo luật định ............................................. 121
3.4 Out-of-pocket thanh toán ............................................ ............................. 132
iv Hệ thống y tế trong quá trình chuyển đổi Đức
3,5 bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân (PHI) ....... .................................................. ....... 137
3.6 Cơ chế chi trả ....................................... ...................................... 140
4. Nguồn lực vật chất và con người. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1 Nguồn lực vật chất .............................................. .................................... 159
4.2 Nguồn nhân lực .......... .................................................. ....................... 168
5. Cung cấp dịch vụ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.1 y tế công cộng .............................................. ............................................ 179
5.2 đường Bệnh nhân .. .................................................. ................................ 182
5.3 sóc Ambulatory .............. .................................................. .................... 185
chăm sóc Bệnh viện 5.4 .......................... .................................................. .............. 192
chăm sóc khẩn cấp 5,5 ................................ .................................................. ... 198
5.6 sóc Dược ........................................... ................................... 200
5.7 Phục hồi chức năng ............ .................................................. ........................... 220
chăm sóc 5,8 dài hạn ................. .................................................. ................... 222
5.9 chăm sóc xã hội ........................... .................................................. ................ 228
5.10 Chăm sóc giảm nhẹ .............................. .................................................. ....... 230
5.11 chăm sóc sức khỏe tâm thần ...................................... .......................................... 231
5.12 Chăm sóc nha khoa .... .................................................. ..................................... 233
5.13 thuốc bổ sung và thay thế ....... ........................................ 234
6. cải cách y tế Hiệu trưởng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.1 Phân tích các cải cách gần đây ............................................ .......................... 237
6.2 Tương lai phát triển .................... .................................................. ........ 260
7. Đánh giá các hệ thống y tế. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.1 mục tiêu đề ra của hệ thống y tế .......................................... ............ 263
7.2 bảo vệ tài chính và công bằng trong tài chính .............................. ............. 264
kinh nghiệm 7.3 người dùng và vốn chủ sở hữu tiếp cận với chăm sóc sức khỏe .......................... ........ 266
kết quả 7.4 Y tế, kết quả dịch vụ y tế và chất lượng chăm sóc ................... 269
7.5 Health hiệu quả hệ thống ...... .................................................. ................. 275
8. Kết luận. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9. Phụ lục. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.1 Tài liệu tham khảo ............................................... .............................................. 283
9.2 web hữu ích các trang web ................................................. .................................... 292
phương pháp 9,3 hit và quá trình sản xuất ....... ......................................... 293
9.4 Các quá trình xem xét .... .................................................. ........................... 296
9.5 Giới thiệu về tác giả .................. .................................................. ............... 296