Solutions to spamAlthough it seems

Solutions to spam
Although it seems like the proliferation of spam—junk E-mails sent unsolicited to millions of people each day—is a recent problem, spam has been around as long as the Internet has. In fact, the first documented case of spam occurred in 1978, when a computer company sent out 400 E-mails via the Arpanet, the precursor to the modern Internet. Now spam E-mails account for more than two-thirds of all the E-mail sent over the Internet, and for some unlucky users, spam makes up 80 percent of the messages they receive. And despite technological innovations such as spam filters and even new legislation designed to combat spam, the problem will not go away easily.
The reason spammers (the people who and businesses that spread spam) are difficult to stop is that spam is so cost effective. It costs a spammer roughly one-hundredth of a cent to send spam, which means that a spammer can still make a profit even with an abysmally low response rate, as low as one sale per 100,000 E-mails sent. This low rate gives spammers a tremendous incentive to continue sending out millions and millions of E-mails, even if the average person never purchases anything from them. With so much at stake, spammers have gone to great lengths to avoid or defeat spam blockers and filters.
Most spam filters rely on a fairly primitive "fingerprinting" system. In this system, a program analyzes several typical spam messages and identifies common features in them. Any arriving E-mails that match these features are deleted. But the fingerprinting defense proves quite easy for spammers to defeat. To confuse the program, a spammer simply has to include a series of random characters or numbers. These additions to the spam message change its "fingerprint" and thus allow the spam to escape detection. And when programmers modify the fingerprint software to look for random strings of letters, spammers respond by including nonrandom content, such as sports scores or stock prices, which again defeats the system.
A second possible solution takes advantage of a computer's limited learning abilities. So-called "smart filters" use complex algorithms, which allow them to recognize new versions of spam messages. These filters may be initially fooled by random characters or bogus content, but they soon learn to identify these features. Unfortunately, spammers have learned how to avoid these smart filters as well. The smart filter functions by looking for words and phrases that are normally used in a spam message, but spammers have learned to hide words and phrases by using numbers or other characters to stand in for letters. For example, the word "money" might appear with a zero replacing the letter "o." Alternatively, spammers send their messages in the form of a picture or graphic, which cannot be scanned in the same way a message can.
Another spam stopper uses a proof system. With this system, a user must first verify that he or she is a person before the E-mail is sent by solving a simple puzzle or answering a question. This system prevents automated spam systems from sending out mass E-mails since computers are often unable to pass the verification tests. With a proof system in place, spam no longer becomes cost effective because each E-mail would have to be individually verified by a person before it could be sent. So far, spammers have been unable to defeat proof systems, but most E-mail users are reluctant to adopt these systems because they make sending E-mails inconvenient.
A similar problem prevents another effective spam blocker from widespread use. This system involves charging a minimal fee for each E-mail sent. The fee, set at one penny, would appear as an electronic check included with the E-mail. Users can choose to waive the fee if the E-mail is from a legitimate source; however, users can collect the fee from a spammer. A fee system would most likely eliminate a great deal of spam, but unfortunately many users find such a system too intrusive and inconvenient.
In some ways, the battles being fought over intrusive E-mails are very much an arms race. Computer engineers will continue to devise new and more sophisticated ways of blocking spam, while spammers respond with innovations of their own. It is unfortunate that the casualties in this technological war will be average E-mail users.
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

7 1 .The word proliferation most nearly means
A. Growth B. spread C. advancement D. enlargement
72. In the first paragraph, the author describes spam as
A. a recent problem that affects millions of users
B. totaling more than 80 percent of E-mails sent via the Internet
C. a technological innovation
D. unwanted messages sent to a mass audience
73. In the passage, the word abysmally is closest in meaning to
A. unknowingly B. disastrously
C. disappointingly D. extremely
74. The phrase the program refers to
A. spam messages B. random characters and numbers
C . a type of spam filter D. common features
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

75. According to paragraph 4, smart filters are superior to fingerprinting systems because
smart filters
A. are eventually able to recognize new versions of spam messages
B. are able to learn from their mistakes
C. do not need to find common features to detect spam
D. are not fooled by random characters or content

76. Which of the choices below best expresses the meaning of the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A . Once spammers figured out how smart filters functioned, they were able to
defeat them by changing words in the message.
B. Spammers can avoid smart filters by replacing certain letters in words or
phrases with other characters.
C. Smart filters function by looking for words that have certain letters replaced by
numbers.
D.A smart filter is easily defeated by spammers who are able to disguise words and
phrases with numbers and characters.
77. The word automated as used in the passage most nearly means
A. computerized B. automatic C. costly D. illegal
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

78. The passage mentions all of the following as hindrances to adopting verification
systems EXCEPT
A. user reluctance B. inconvenience
C. ineffectiveness D. violation of privacy
79. The author describes the fight over spam as an arms race because
A. computer engineers and spammers are constantly reacting to each other's
strategies
B. some of the techniques used by spammers may cause harm to E-mail users
C. there is no peaceful solution to the problem of spam
D. computer engineers will never be able to completely protect against spam E-mails
80. In the final paragraph, the author implies that
A. most spam E-mails will eventually be blocked
B. E-mail users suffer the greatest costs from the fight over spam
C. there is no way to stop new and more sophisticated spam E-mails
D. the battle over spam E-mails will never end

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Các giải pháp để thư rácMặc dù nó có vẻ như sự gia tăng của rác — rác email gửi không được yêu cầu đến hàng triệu người mỗi ngày — là một vấn đề tại, thư rác đã xung quanh miễn là có Internet. Trong thực tế, trường hợp tài liệu đầu tiên của thư rác diễn ra năm 1978, khi một công ty máy tính gửi ra 400 E-mail qua Arpanet là tiền thân của Internet hiện đại. Bây giờ thư rác E-mail tài khoản cho hơn hai phần ba của tất cả email được gửi đi trên Internet, và cho một số người dùng kém may mắn, thư rác chiếm 80 phần trăm của các thông điệp họ nhận được. Và dù có đổi mới công nghệ như bộ lọc thư rác và pháp luật thậm chí mới được thiết kế để chống thư rác, vấn đề sẽ không biến mất một cách dễ dàng.Lý do gửi thư rác (những người người và doanh nghiệp lây lan thư rác) là khó khăn để ngăn chặn là thư rác như vậy chi phí hiệu quả. Nó chi phí một spammer khoảng một-hundredth của một xu để gửi thư rác, có nghĩa là một spammer vẫn có thể làm cho lợi nhuận ngay cả với một tỷ lệ phản ứng abysmally thấp, thấp nhất là một trong những bán mỗi 100.000 E-mail được gửi. Tỷ lệ này thấp cho kẻ gửi thư rác một khuyến khích rất lớn để tiếp tục đưa ra hàng triệu và hàng triệu của E-mail, ngay cả những người trung bình không bao giờ mua bất cứ điều gì từ họ. Với rất nhiều lúc cổ phần, kẻ gửi thư rác đã đi đến độ dài lớn để tránh hoặc đánh bại chức năng chặn thư rác và các bộ lọc. Most spam filters rely on a fairly primitive "fingerprinting" system. In this system, a program analyzes several typical spam messages and identifies common features in them. Any arriving E-mails that match these features are deleted. But the fingerprinting defense proves quite easy for spammers to defeat. To confuse the program, a spammer simply has to include a series of random characters or numbers. These additions to the spam message change its "fingerprint" and thus allow the spam to escape detection. And when programmers modify the fingerprint software to look for random strings of letters, spammers respond by including nonrandom content, such as sports scores or stock prices, which again defeats the system.A second possible solution takes advantage of a computer's limited learning abilities. So-called "smart filters" use complex algorithms, which allow them to recognize new versions of spam messages. These filters may be initially fooled by random characters or bogus content, but they soon learn to identify these features. Unfortunately, spammers have learned how to avoid these smart filters as well. The smart filter functions by looking for words and phrases that are normally used in a spam message, but spammers have learned to hide words and phrases by using numbers or other characters to stand in for letters. For example, the word "money" might appear with a zero replacing the letter "o." Alternatively, spammers send their messages in the form of a picture or graphic, which cannot be scanned in the same way a message can.Another spam stopper uses a proof system. With this system, a user must first verify that he or she is a person before the E-mail is sent by solving a simple puzzle or answering a question. This system prevents automated spam systems from sending out mass E-mails since computers are often unable to pass the verification tests. With a proof system in place, spam no longer becomes cost effective because each E-mail would have to be individually verified by a person before it could be sent. So far, spammers have been unable to defeat proof systems, but most E-mail users are reluctant to adopt these systems because they make sending E-mails inconvenient.
A similar problem prevents another effective spam blocker from widespread use. This system involves charging a minimal fee for each E-mail sent. The fee, set at one penny, would appear as an electronic check included with the E-mail. Users can choose to waive the fee if the E-mail is from a legitimate source; however, users can collect the fee from a spammer. A fee system would most likely eliminate a great deal of spam, but unfortunately many users find such a system too intrusive and inconvenient.
In some ways, the battles being fought over intrusive E-mails are very much an arms race. Computer engineers will continue to devise new and more sophisticated ways of blocking spam, while spammers respond with innovations of their own. It is unfortunate that the casualties in this technological war will be average E-mail users.
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

7 1 .The word proliferation most nearly means
A. Growth B. spread C. advancement D. enlargement
72. In the first paragraph, the author describes spam as
A. a recent problem that affects millions of users
B. totaling more than 80 percent of E-mails sent via the Internet
C. a technological innovation
D. unwanted messages sent to a mass audience
73. In the passage, the word abysmally is closest in meaning to
A. unknowingly B. disastrously
C. disappointingly D. extremely
74. The phrase the program refers to
A. spam messages B. random characters and numbers
C . a type of spam filter D. common features
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

75. According to paragraph 4, smart filters are superior to fingerprinting systems because
smart filters
A. are eventually able to recognize new versions of spam messages
B. are able to learn from their mistakes
C. do not need to find common features to detect spam
D. are not fooled by random characters or content

76. Which of the choices below best expresses the meaning of the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A . Once spammers figured out how smart filters functioned, they were able to
defeat them by changing words in the message.
B. Spammers can avoid smart filters by replacing certain letters in words or
phrases with other characters.
C. Smart filters function by looking for words that have certain letters replaced by
numbers.
D.A smart filter is easily defeated by spammers who are able to disguise words and
phrases with numbers and characters.
77. The word automated as used in the passage most nearly means
A. computerized B. automatic C. costly D. illegal
7 1 .B 72 D 73D. 74. C 75.A 76.B. 77.A 78.C 79.A. 80 B.

78. The passage mentions all of the following as hindrances to adopting verification
systems EXCEPT
A. user reluctance B. inconvenience
C. ineffectiveness D. violation of privacy
79. The author describes the fight over spam as an arms race because
A. computer engineers and spammers are constantly reacting to each other's
strategies
B. some of the techniques used by spammers may cause harm to E-mail users
C. there is no peaceful solution to the problem of spam
D. computer engineers will never be able to completely protect against spam E-mails
80. In the final paragraph, the author implies that
A. most spam E-mails will eventually be blocked
B. E-mail users suffer the greatest costs from the fight over spam
C. there is no way to stop new and more sophisticated spam E-mails
D. the battle over spam E-mails will never end