Architectural advances of recent years, coupled with the growing availability of networked computers, have led to a new style of computing, called concurrent programming, that allows multiple computations to occur simultaneously in cooperation with each other. Many people distinguish two classes of concurrent programming: Distributed programming refers to computations that do not share a common memory, and parallel programming refers to computations that share a common memory. This distinction is not always helpful, since it is possible to implement a distributed computation on a shared-memory computer, and to implement a parallel computation on a distributed-memory computer. It is up to the compiler and operating system to implement on the underlying architecture whatever concurrency style the programming language promotes. Terminology is less standard in the area of concurrent programming than elsewhere, so I will be somewhat arbitrary, but consistent, in my nomenclature.
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