Given that the interest rate is one of the most important determinants of stock returns and return volatility (or market volatility), an increase in the interest rate raises the required rate of return, and negatively affects the value of assets. This also encourages an investorto change the structure of his/her portfolio in favour of bonds and vice versa, which, to some extent, affects the volatility of the stock market (see, for example,Campbell, 1987; Engle and Rangel, 2005; Fama, 1981; Fama and Schwert, 1977; Ferson, 1989; Shanken, 1990). On the other hand, a decline in the interest rate leads to an increase in the present value of future dividends
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