The first column in Table I represents the activities, tactics, and strategiesthat students engage in to plan, monitor, and regulate their cognition.Planning and forethought activities can include setting specific target orcognitive goals for learning, activating prior knowledge about the materialto be studied, as well as activating any metacognitive knowledge studentsmight have about the task or themselves (Pintrich, 2000b). In addition, animportant aspect of regulating cognition is the monitoring of cognition. Studentshave to become aware of and monitor their progress toward theirgoals, monitor their learning and comprehension, in order to be able tomake any adaptive changes in their learning (Bransford et al., 1999; Pintrich,2000b).Cognitive control and regulation include the types of cognitive andmetacognitive activities that individuals engage in to adapt and changetheir cognition. As in any model of regulation, it is assumed that attemptsto control, regulate, and change cognition should be related to cognitivemonitoring activities that provide information about the relative discrepancybetween a goal and current progress toward that goal. For example,if a student is reading a textbook with the goal of understanding (notjust finishing the reading assignment), then as the student monitors hisor her comprehension, this monitoring process can provide the studentwith information about the need to change reading strategies. Finally, asshown in Table I, the reactions and reflections of the student in terms oftheir cognitive judgments about how they did and their attributions fortheir performance can be part of their attempts to regulate their learning(Pintrich, 2000b).One of the central aspects of the control and regulation of cognitionis the actual selection and use of various cognitive strategies for memory,learning, reasoning, problem solving, and thinking. In research onself-regulated learning, there are a large number of cognitive and learningstrategies that individuals use to help them understand and learn coursematerial. For example, many researchers have investigated the various rehearsal,elaboration, and organizational strategies that learners can useto control their cognition and learning (cf., Pintrich and De Groot, 1990;Pintrich et al., 1993; Pressley and Afflerbach, 1995; Schneider and Pressley,1997; Weinstein and Mayer, 1986; Zimmerman and Martinez-Pons, 1986).
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